2017年河北师范大学英语语言文学英语语言文学专业综合复试之语言学教程考研复试核心题库一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Relational opposites【答案】 This is a type of antonymy , in which the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. For example, “buy/sell” is such a pair. X buys something from Y means Y sells something from X. 2 division of pragmatic labor【答案】 Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide and suggests the resolution comes from a division of pragmatic labor，which reads “The use of a marked （relatively complex and/or prolix） expression when a corresponding unmarked （simpler ，less “effortful”）alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message （one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed） . 3 Slang :【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and expressions.For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal speech variety which often serves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly, for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”. 4 Cognition【答案】 Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states （such as beliefs, desires and intentions ） and can be understood as information processing , especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved , or processes such as involving knowledge , expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing , including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. 5 Glottal Stop【答案】 V ocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop. 6 Lexical relations【答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy , antonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, homonymy, and so on. （a ） Synonymy refers to the sameness relation ; “autum”, and “full ” are synonyms , for example , （b ） Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation ; for example , “buy” and “sell ” are antonyms , （c ） Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation; for example, “apple” is a hyponym of “fruit”, （d ） Polysemy means one word that has more than one related meaning ，and “bank”，as an example , is a polysemous word. （e ） Homonymy refers to the relation of two different words which are identical either in sound, or spelling, or both, such as “bow” （bau ） and “bow” （b ?u ）. 7 Metonymy【答案】 Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by 也e name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance , “Washington ”，as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym （an instance of metonymy） for the United States government. 8 HyponymyHyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”. 二、Essay-question9 How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.【答案】 There are basically six:（1）Synonymy , e.g. X: “He was a bachelor all his life. Y: “He never married all his life.X is synonymous with Y.（2）Inconsistence , e.g. X: “Mark is married. Y: “Mark is a bachelor.”X is inconsistent with Y.（3）Entailment ，e.g. X: “Mark married a blonde heiress:”Y: “Mark married a blonde.”X entails Y.（4）Presupposition , e.g. X: Johns bike needs repairing Y: John has a bike.X presupposes Y.（5）Contradiction , e. g. X: My unmarried aunt is married to a bachelor.”X is a contradiction.（6）Anomaly , e.g. X: The blackboard has a bad temper.”X is semantically anomalous. 10In the history of modem linguistic study of language, various schools have been founded.What are they?【答案】 （1） The traditional grammar school attempt to lay down universally valid rules to show how a language ought to be used. It is prescriptive rather than descriptive.（1）An important outgrowth of descriptive linguistics was a theory known as structuralism developed by American