2018年中国传媒大学外国语学院814语言学综合知识之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题一、Fill-in-the-blanks1 A speech_is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.【答案】community【解析】语言社区指的是说同一种语言或语言变体的一群人 2 There has been a maxim in_which claims that “You are what you say”.【答案】quantity【解析】格莱斯的数量准则指1. 使你的话语如（交谈的当前目的）所要求的那样信息充分；2. 不要使你的话 语比要求的信息更充分。即说你该说的。 3 At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accepted as ways of structuring poems. Among them , _consists of lines in iambic pentameter which does not rhyme.【答案】Blank verse【解析】不同时代，诗会有不同的韵律模式和语音模式。传统的韵律模式和语音模式包括对句，四行诗，无韵 诗等。其中无韵诗是由不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗组成的。 4 One of the important distinctions in linguistics is_ and performance.【答案】Competence【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。 5 Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics （utterances ） as_ and_. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community , and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.【答案】langue ; parole【解析】语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。 6 Linguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys_.【答案】Competence【解析】索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言。 二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms7 division of pragmatic labor【答案】 Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide and suggests the resolution comes from a division of pragmatic labor，which reads “The use of a marked （relatively complex and/or prolix） expression when a corresponding unmarked （simpler ，less “effortful”）alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message （one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed） . 8 stream of consciousness writing【答案】 The term was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology （1890） to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind. It was later applied to the writing of William Faulkner, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and others experimenting early in the 20th century with the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought. Note, however, that the majority of thought presentation in novels is not stream of consciousness writing. The examples we have discussed above are not stream of consciousness writing because they are too orderly to constitute the free association of ideas. Perhaps the most famous piece of stream of consciousness writing is that associated with Leopold Bloom in Joyces Ulysses. Here he is in a restaurant thinking about oysters.“Filthy shells. Devil to open them too. Who found them out? Garbage, sewage they feed on. Fizz and Red bank oysters. Effect on the sexual. Aphrodis. （sic ） He was in the Red bank this morning. Was he oyster old fish at table. Perhaps he young flesh in bed. No. June has no ar （sic ） no oysters. But there are people like tainted game. Jugged hare. First catch your hare. Chinese eating eggs fifty years old , blue and green again. Dinner of thirty courses. Each dish harmless might mix inside. Idea for a poison mystery.66 This cognitive meandering is all in the most free version of direct thought. It is also characterised by a highly elliptical sentence structure , with as many grammatical words as possible being removed consistently allowing the reader to be able to infer what is going on. The language is not very cohesive ，and breaks the Gricean maxims of Quantity and Manner. But we must assume that apparently unreasonable writing behaviour is related to a relevant authorial purpose. It is the assumption that Joyce is really cooperating with us at a deeper level , even though he is apparently making our reading difficult, that leads us to conclude that he is trying to evoke a mind working associatively.9 Slang :【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and expressions.For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal s peech variety which oftenserves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly, for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”. 10cohort model【答案】 The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates c