2018年北方工业大学文法学院813专业综合(英语语言文学)之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Entailment【答案】 It refers to the relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other. If X is true, Y is necessarily true，and if X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence “He has been to France” entails “He has been to Europe”. 2 Subordinate construction【答案】 Subordinate constructions are one of the two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head , with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent , are subordinate constructions. 3 PhoneticsPhonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics. 4 Gradable antonym【答案】 Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms. 5 Inflection【答案】 Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes , such as number , person , finiteness , aspect and case , which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix: ?-ed?； the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix: ?-ren?. 6 Paradigmatic relations【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent. 7 Speech community【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectationsregarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the groups special purposes and priorities. 8 cohort model【答案】 The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed , candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input- the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate is a clear winner. 9 functional morpheme【答案】 This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about when on , near, the” an so on. 10Phatic function （ communion ）【答案】 Phatic function: The phatic function of language refers to the use of the language which often consists of small , seemingly meaningless expression for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts rather than for exchanging information or ideas. For example , greetings , farewells , and comments on the weather in English could serve this function. 二、Short-answer-questions11For the following words, state the conditions under which the different forms of the past tense appear. What determineswhetheror is used? What distinctive features define conditioning environment?【答案】 12What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes?Some phonological factors can affect the appearance of morphemes, namely, the form of 【答案】a morpheme; and there could be assimilation, and dissmilation. For example, the negative morpheme could be realized as “in-” or “im-” followed by different phonological environments, as in “inefficient” and “imperfect”，as a result of assimilation.Morphemes can also be conditioned by morphological factors; for example, the allomorphs of the plural morpheme, as could be seen in “oxen”，“cows”，and “feet”. 13Is American English superior to African English? Why or why not?【答案】 American English is not superior to African English. As different branches of English, African English and American English are equal. Similar as they are , they are influenced by their respective cultural context and thus form respective systems of pronunciation, words and even grammar.14What is your opinion on “true synonymy is non-existent”？【答案】 Generally speaking , synonyms are the words which have diff