2018年天津财经大学外国语言学及应用语言学822语言学基础之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Inflection【答案】 Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes , such as number , person , finiteness , aspect and case , which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix: ?-ed?； the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix: ?-ren?. 2 Syllable【答案】 Syllable : It refers to a unit of spoken language that is bigger than a speech sound. It consists of one or more vowel sounds alone or of a syllabic consonant alone or of either with one or more consonant sounds preceding or following. 3 Speech community【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the groups special purposes and priorities. 4 inflectional morpheme【答案】 Inflectional morpheme: It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words. Inflectional affixes only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind. 5 Duality【答案】Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first , higher level , language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units ; at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence （such as morphemes, words etc.）of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example , a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes. 6 Allomorph【答案】 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/. 7 Lexical word【答案】 Lexical word, lexical words are also called content words, referring to those which have lexical meanings, that is, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives , and adverbs. 8 Audiolingual method【答案】 Audiolingual method refers to the teaching of a second language through imitation , repetition , and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed. 9 distinctive featuresa means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular 【答案】aspects of language sounds , first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people. 10Corpus【答案】 Corpus is a collection of linguistic data , either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about languagefor example , to determine how the application of a particular sound , word , or syntactic construction varies. 二、Short-answer-questions11Why do we say language is primarily vocal?【答案】 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is primarily vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages, developed or “new”. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak （and listen ） before they write （and read） also indicates that language is primarily vocal , rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 12The following is a statement by a Japanese businessman: “You buy in your own language, but you sell in your customers language.” How do you understand it?【答案】 This reflects some features of pidgin which is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it id used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. And also, it reflects the tendency of intercultural communication from the aspect of language.13What are the major concerns of the Prague School theory?【答案】 Three points of the Prague School theory are of special importance.First , it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and control