普通化学术语中英文对照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ionan阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecularmlekjl单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相对分子质量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗常数Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律AvogadrosLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸馏distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示剂indicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction归中反应comproportionation(symproportionation)reaction氧化剂oxidisingagent还原剂reducingagent电子层(壳)(electron)shell电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一， 第二，第三等电离能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electroncloud电子亚层sub-shell能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hundsrule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chiralitykai-化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子结构giantionicstructure共价键covalentkvelntbond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpair键-bond键-bond键-bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisationdi:,luklaizein延展性malleability,mlblti可锻性ductilitydktlt导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotopeastp核素nuclidenjuklad同量异位素isobaras()b金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应saltmetathesismtsisreaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitationpr,spte()n官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic,lftkhydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclicsaklk; hrdrocarbon同系物homologoushmlgsseries异构现象isomerismaismrizm同分异构体isomerideaismraid同素异形体allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophilenjuklifail亲电子试剂electrophile加成反应additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic:mudai-焓enthalpy(abbr.H)enlpi焓变enthalpychange(abbr.H)标准焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.H)标准反应焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.Hr)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.Hc)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.Hf)放热反应exothermiceksu-reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical:mu-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hesslaw有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate