经济学英文论文范文 经济学是研究人类经济活动的规律即价值的创造、转化、实现的规律经济发展规律的理论分为政治经济学与科学经济学两大类型下面是小编特地整理的经济学论文希望可以帮助到有需要的人！ Macroeconomicsisasubfieldofeconomicsthatexaminesthebehavioroftheeconomyasawhole,oncealloftheindividualeconomicdecisionsofpaniesandindustrieshavebeensummed.EconomywidephenomenaconsideredbymacroeconomicsincludeGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andhowitisaffectedbychangesinunemployment,nationaline,rateofgrowth,andpricelevels. Incontrast,microeconomicsisthestudyoftheeconomicbehaviouranddecisionmakingofindividualconsumers,firms,andindustries. Macroeconomicscanbeusedtoanalyzehowtoinfluencegovernmentpolicygoalssuchaseconomicgrowth,pricestability,fullemploymentandtheattainmentofasustainablebalanceofpayments. Macroeconomicsissometimesusedtorefertoageneralapproachtoeconomicreasoning,whichincludeslongtermstrategiesandrationalexpectationsinaggregatebehavior. Untilthe1930smosteconomicanalysisdidnotseparateoutindividualeconomicsbehaviorfromaggregatebehavior.WiththeGreatDepressionofthe1930s,sufferedthroughoutthedevelopedworldatthetime,andthedevelopmentoftheconceptofnationalineandproductstatistics,thefieldofmacroeconomicsbegantoexpand.ParticularlyinfluentialweretheideasofJohnMaynardKeynes,whoformulatedtheoriestotrytoexplaintheGreatDepression.Beforethattime,prehensivenationalaccounts,asweknowthemtoday,didnotexist. Oneofthechallengesofeconomicshasbeenastruggletoreconcilemacroeconomicandmicroeconomicmodels.Startinginthe1950s,macroeconomistsdevelopedmicrobasedmodelsofmacroeconomicbehavior(suchastheconsumptionfunction).DutcheconomistJanTinbergendevelopedthefirstprehensivenationalmacroeconomicmodel,whichhefirstbuiltfortheNetherlandsandlaterappliedtotheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomafterWorldWarII.Thefirstglobalmacroeconomicmodel,WhartonEconometricForecastingAssociatesLINKproject,wasinitiatedbyLawrenceKleinandwasmentionedinhiscitationfortheNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicsin1980. TheoristssuchasRobertLucasJrsuggested(inthe1970s)thatatleastsometraditionalKeynesian(afterBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes)macroeconomicmodelswerequestionableastheywerenotderivedfromassumptionsaboutindividualbehavior,althoughitwasnotclearwhetherthefailureswereinmicroeconomicassumptionsorinmacroeconomicmodels.However,NewKeynesianmacroeconomicshasgenerallypresentedmicroeconomicmodelstoshoreuptheirmacroeconomictheorizing,andsomeKeynesianshavecontestedtheideathatmicroeconomicfoundationsareessential,ifthemodelisanalyticallyuseful.Ananalogymightbethatthefactthatquantumphisicsisnotfullyconsistentwithrelativitytheorydoesntmeanthatrealtivityisfalse.Manyimportantmicroeconomicassumptionshaveneverbeenproved,andsomehaveprovedwrong. Thevariousschoolsofthoughtarenotalwaysindirectpetitionwithoneanothereventhoughtheysometimesreachdifferingconclusions.Macroeconomicsisaneverevolvingareaofresearch.Thegoalofeconomicresearchisnottoberight,butrathertobeaccurate.Itislikelythatnoneofthecurrentschoolsofeconomicthoughtperfectlycapturetheworkingsoftheeconomy.Theydo,however,eachcontributeasmallpieceoftheoverallpuzzle.Asonelearnsmoreabouteachschoolofthought,itispossibletobineaspectsofeachinordertoreachaninformedsynthesis. Thetraditionaldistinctionisbetweentwodifferentapproachestoeconomics:Keynesianeconomics,focusingondemand;andsupplyside(orneoclassical)economics,focusingonsupply.Neitherviewistypicallyendorsedtothepleteexclusionoftheother,butmostschoolsdotendclearlytoemphasizeoneortheotherasatheoreticalfoundation. Keynesianeconomicsfocusesonaggregatedemandtoexplainlevelsofunemploymentandthebusinesscycle.Thatis,businesscyclefluctuationsshouldbereducedthroughfiscalpolicy(thegovernmentspendsmoreorlessdependingonthesituation)andmonetarypolicy.EarlyKeynesianmacroeconomicswasactivist,callingforregularuseofpolicytostabilizethecapitalisteconomy,whilesomeKeynesianscalledfortheuseofinespolicies. Supplysideeconomicsdelineatesquiteclearlytherolesofmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicy.Thefocusformonetarypolicyshouldbepurelyonthepriceofmoneyasdeterminedbythesupplyofmoneyandthedemandformoney.Itadvocatesamonetarypolicythatdirectlytargetsthevalueofmoneyanddoesnottargetinterestratesatall.Typicallythevalueofmoneyismeasuredbyreferencetogoldorsomeotherreference.Thefocusoffiscalpolicyistoraiserevenueforworthygovernmentinvestmentswithaclearrecognitionoftheimpactthattaxationhasondomestictrade.ItplacesheavyemphasisonSayslaw,whichstatesthatrecessionsdonotoccurbecauseoffailureindemandorlackofmoney. Monetarism,ledbyMiltonFriedman,whichholdsthatinflationisalwaysandeverywhereamonetaryphenomenon.Itrejectsfiscalpolicybecauseitleadstocrowdingoutoftheprivatesector.Further,itdoesnotwishtobatinflationordeflationbymeansofactivedemandmanagementasinKeynesianeconomics,butbymeansofmonetarypolicyrules,suchaskeepingtherateofgrowthofthemoneysupplyconstantovertime. NewKeynesianeconomics,whichdevelopedpartlyinresponsetonewclassicaleconomics,strivestoprovidemicroeconomicfoundationstoKeynesianeconomicsbyshowinghowimperfectmarketscanjustifydemandmanagement.