胡壮麟 语言学 复习及答案Chapter I Introduction IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity54. Displacement55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examplesfor illustration if necessary: 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study? 65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?IV. Define the following terms: 41.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46.Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, 58.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication. 59.langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examplesfor illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the a