行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告 行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告 閩方言與漢語動詞後情態詞格式語意比較研究 研究成果報告(精簡版) 閩方言與漢語動詞後情態詞格式語意比較研究 研究成果報告(精簡版) 計 畫 類 別 ： 個別型 計 畫 編 號 ： NSC 99-2410-H-364-010- 執 行 期 間 ： 99 年 08 月 01 日至 100 年 07 月 31 日 執 行 單 位 ： 玄奘大學應用外語學系 計 畫 主 持 人 ： 于嗣宜 處 理 方 式 ： 本計畫可公開查詢 中 華 民 國 100 年 09 月 29 日 Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 37.2 (July 2011):241-258 Post-Verbal Markers in Taiwanese Southern Min and Fuzhounese Szu-I Sylvia Yu Hsuan Chuang University This paper deals with the post-verbal markers in two Min dialects TIT-construction in Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) and LI-construction in Fuzhounese. The objective is to see if these markers have modal meanings, like de (得) in Mandarin Chinese (e.g., gan-DE-shang 趕得上, to be match for). The verb e7/e53 (會, can) and TIT8 / LI24 serves as circumfixes of verbs, and the output construction e7/e53 + Verb + TIT8/LI24 indicates potentiality (or possibility). After undergoing lexicalization, e7/e53 + Verb + TIT8/LI24 turns into an integral (a unity) and can be followed by other predicates. The constructional meaning is interpreted as either permission or potentiality. The combination of e7/e53 (can) and TIT8/LI24 can also be an infix-like element which tails after the main verb and directs to complements. There is no real post-verbal modal word in TSM and Fuzhounese. In order to convey modality (potentiality), it is necessary to attach e7/e53 (can) or its negative counterpart be7/me53 (cannot) in front of the main predicate and to attach TIT8/LI24 after the main predicate. Keywords: modal, post-verbal, circumfix, potentiality, constructional meaning 1. Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM) 1.1 Post-verbal non-modal markers: LIAU2, KA4, HOO7, TIOH8 In TSM, there are four common post-verbal markers indicating results of action. They are LIAU2 (了, to end), KA4 (到, to arrive)1, HOO7 (予, to give), and TIOH8 (著, an adverbial particle). Yang (1991:298) claims that those post-verbal markers are not only complements but also second predicates which indicate semantic relations between main predicates and their complements. According to Yang (1991:298), LIAU2 in (1) denotes the result of the race, KA4 in (2) denotes a degree, HOO7 in (3) denotes an expected resultant state, and TIOH8 in (4) means the ability of someones walking. Yang (1991:298) also notes that those post-verbal words are gradually grammaticalized, and their concrete meanings are blurred. (1) 伊走了傷慢 i1 cau2 LIAU2 siun1 ban7 he run LIAU too slow He ran too slowly. (2) 伊做到真認真 i1 co3 KA4 cin1 lin7 cin1 he do KA really conscientious He was really conscientious. 1 According to Yang (1991:298), KA4 is suspected to be the allomorph of the verb kau3 (到, to arrive). 37.2 (July 2011) 242 (3) 飯愛食予飽 png7 ai3 ciaq8 HOO7 pa2 rice should eat HOO full (You) should eat to your hearts content. (4) 伊走著真緊 i1 cau2 TIOH8 cin1 kin2 he run TIOH very fast He ran very fast. In TSM, with different interpretations, LIAU2, KA4, HOO7 and TIOH8 all serve as result complements or degree complements. Different lexical items represent modal and aspect individually; for example LIAU2 is a perfective aspect marker, and TIOH8 is an achievement marker. 1.2 E7/be7 + Verb + TIT0 There is only one modal verb e7 (on a par with hui in Mandarin Chinese) showing potentiality in TSM, and the construction e7/be7 + Verb + TIT0 is quite different. Lien (1997:183) states that in order to express various aspects of modal meanings, TSM has to rely on syntagmatic means to denote the subtlety of meanings. The circumfix-like e7/be7TIT0 is a potential marker. It is an important mean for TSM to express modal meanings, and it is rather productive and frequent in use. Lien (1997:168) groups the construction linked by e/be7 and TIT0 into six types as shown in Table 12: 2 For the history of TIT-construction in TSM, please refer to Lien (1997). The tone marks are omitted for the convenience of reading. Yu: Post-Verbal Markers in Taiwanese Southern Min and Fuzhounese 243 Table 1. Six types of the TIT-constructions Positive Negative 1. Circumfix e + V + TIT e chiah TIT can eat can (can be eaten) be + V + TIT be chiah TIT cannot eat can (cannot be eaten) 2. Auxiliary e + V (-TIT) + V e sai (TIT) boe can use can buy (can buy (it) be + V (-TIT) + V be sai (TIT) boe cannot use can buy (cannot buy (it) 3. Auxiliary e-TIT + V e TIT khi can can go (can go) be-TIT + V be TIT khi cannot can go (cannot go) 4. Complement marker V + e-(TIT) + C1-C2 chiah e (TIT) loh khi eat can can fall go (can eat (it) V + be-(TIT) + C1-C2 chiah be (TIT) loh khi eat cannot can fall go (cannot eat (it) 5. Adverb be-V-TIT + adj be kong TIT sim-sek cannot say can interesting (extremely interesting) 6. Complement V + u + hoat-TIT koann u hoat-TIT lift have method can (can lift (it) V + bo + hoat-TIT koann bo hoat-TIT lift have-not method can (cannot lift (it) In Lien (1997), the discussion focuses on forms and the historical evolution