英语国家概况复习 The Republic of Ireland Geography and History本章概论：1. 爱尔兰共和国的地理特征- the Emerald Isle- The Central Lowland - bogs- the Shannon River2. 爱尔兰共和国的气候- mild, moist and changeable- excessive rainfall3. 爱尔兰共和国的人口和宗教- the Great Famine- one of the most Catholic countries of Europe4. 爱尔兰共和国历史- The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 4325. 爱尔兰共和国的外交政策- neutrality and nonalignment1. 简答题：Why Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle?- Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside.爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫葱葱而被称为绿宝石岛第一部分：Geographical Features1. 识记要点：Why Ireland has been geographically compared to a basin？- Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands.2. 识记要点：The central plain area is characterized by many lakes, bogs (wet areas) and low ridges.Variety is the main feature of the lowlands.The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland.3. 简答题：What is the largest river in Ireland? Why is it very important?- The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It is very important because it provides electric power for much of the Republic.4. 简答题：Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape. 第二部分：Climate and Weather1. 简答题：What are the characteristics of Irelands climate?- The weather of Ireland is described as “mild, moist and changeable.”2. 识记要点：Ireland suffers from excessive rather than deficient rainfall.3. 识记：The Central Lowland is the area of the lightest rainfall in Ireland, with two areas that receive less than 762 mm per annum.4. 识记要点：The climate of the Northeast is cooler throughout the year than in the rest of the country.第三部分：Population and Religion1. 简答题：The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland.2. 识记要点：There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English.Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe.Today 93% of the Irish population are Roman Catholics.The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination.第四部分：Historical Background1. 简答题：The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.2. 选择题：Henry VIII was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.3. 识记：The Penal Laws deprived Catholics and Dissenters of all legal rights.4. 识记：In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.A free trade area with the United Kingdom was established in 1966. In 1973 the Republic was admitted to the EC.第五部分：Foreign Policy1. 简答题：Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment.2. 识记：Ireland established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979.Ireland Today本章概述：1.爱尔兰共和国的政治概况2. 爱尔兰共和国的经济2. 爱尔兰共和国的教育和文化第一部分：Political Structure1. 简答题：Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Constitution.2. 识记：The head of state is the president, elected by direct suffrage for a term of seven years. 国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。3. 选择题：The governments responsibility to the Dail is collective.4. 识记：All the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament.The national parliament has two Houses. They are the House of Representatives and the Senate.TDs and Senators are elected for five-year terms.第二部分：Political Parties1. 识记要点：Ireland has a bipolar political party system with two major parties: Fianna Fail and Fine Gael. They are both descended from Sinn Fein.Sinn Fein was split in 1921.The only other national party of some size is the Labor Party.2. 选择题：The Irish Labor Party is the oldest of all parties in Ireland.第三部分：The economy1. 选择题：Ireland is a free-market economy with a dominant private sector.2. 识记要点：Ireland is one of the least developed countries in the EC. Its small economy is marked by slow growth, high unemployment and imbalances in public finance.3. 论述题：What is the most significant recent development in Irish agriculture? Why do we say the most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community?- The most significant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. EC membership enabled Irish farmers to participate in the Communitys Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and export their products to a wider range of markets.4. 选择题：Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.5. 简答题：*Turf is considered as a solid fuel in Ireland.6. 识记要点：Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total exports.第四部分：Education1. 选择题：Irelands oldest university is the University of Dublin, of which Trinity College is a constituent. It was founded in 1591.The National University is the nations second institution of higher learning.第五部分：Media and Culture1.Today the Irish Times is the nations most influential daily.T