THANKS!,概写之路,步步为营,宁波市第三中学 XD,概要写作（满分25分） 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。,1. 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 2. 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； 3. 上下文的连贯性； 4. 对各要点表达的独立性情况。,40-80,概写题型&评分参考,1 Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 2 In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. 3 Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? 4 Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter（后者） position is gaining some ground.,考纲样题,On the contrary,Yet,Thus,However,Authors point,Nowadays,Ever since the 18th century,In the early 16th century,Supporting details,Thus began a long time,Since World War II,样题要点结构(mind map),(1)There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. (2) People believed dirt was a means to block out disease. (3) Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor. (4) Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.,People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1). For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4),1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1),表述变化 （句式，词汇） 范围变化,要点呈现,For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2),时间变化（概括） 范围变化 （概括） 举例变化（筛选） 表述变化（近义）,要点呈现,2. People believed dirt was a means to block out disease.,the king of France and England,In the early 16th century,Thus began a long time,Henry IV, king of France,Thus,However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3),时间变化（同义） 表述变化（近义） 要点变化 （忽略？）,要点呈现,3. Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor.,Ever since the 18th century,Cleaning away dirt is good to health.,Since World War II,It seemed the standard of cleanliness have moved beyond science.,Yet,However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4),时间变化（略去） 表述变化（词性） 要点变化 （忽略？）,要点呈现,4. Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.,Nowadays,First-time parents warn children off touching dirt.,Scientists encourage children to play in the dirt to build up immune system.,On the contrary,People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1). For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2)However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4),词汇衔接,逻辑衔接,有效衔接,How to Write a Good Summary?,connect the key points with proper words;,1. Read,3. Paraphrase,4. Connect,read two or three times for topic sentences & supporting details,draw a mind map,rewrite the key information in your own words.,2. Mind map,Many things may make you angry. You may get angry when something doesnt go your way. Maybe you get mad at yourself when you dont understand you homework or when your team loses an important game. Maybe your teacher gave you too much homework. Or maybe a friend will borrowed your favorite video game and then broke it. That made you angry.,Example 1,1.Read for