Cause and Effect,Cause and effect analysis is a form of logical writing in which the writer examines the causes and /or effects of something. In cause and effect analysis, the cause usually refers to one or several actions，events，attitudes， and conditions in the past，which explains why something happened. It helps to answer the question Why? The effect，on the other hand，examines the consequences of the cause. It answers the question So what?,Points to be observed,1. The cause is necessary to the effect 2. The cause is sufficient for the effect 3. The cause is both necessary to and sufficient for the effect,Writing Purpose,Generally speaking, the purpose of writing a cause and effect essay is to find out and analyze both the cause and the effect of a certain event. But in some cases, your essay may just focus on the causes of a certain event or just on the effects of a certain event. Therefore, when you are collecting materials for the writing, you should know clearly whether you are going to find out the causes or analyze the effects, or both. If you are going to find out the causes for a certain event, you look back on the past to see what causes it to happen. On the other hand, if you are going to analyze the effects of a certain event, you look into the future to make some predictions,II. Types of Cause-Effect Pattern,2.1 Casual Chain 2.2 Cause因-Effect果,cause,effect (cause),effect (cause),effect (cause),effect,Casual Chain,the most immediate effect,Jims father has a bad temper, and he often beats Jims mother and the kids. (domestic violence),Jims mother leaves Jims father, taking the son with her.,Example:,With shabby income from Jims mother, the family is in short of money, so the family experiences financial problems.,The boyfriend of Jims mother moves in to help the family finances.,Jim feels unwanted in his new home and runs away.,a homeless child,What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise ? For one thing , people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness . For another , the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasing number of recreational venues . The main thing perhaps centers on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides . 什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的原因可能在于锻炼带来的身心健康的双赢。,Sentence Pattern to Follow,Cause and Effect Diagram (“Fishbone”),Fishbone How?,Describe the problem of interest Decide the major causes typically the 6 Ms Manpower, Machines, Materials, Methods, Measurements, Mother Nature (Environment) Discuss causes and decide which are most important Drive those most important to root cause,Effect,Cause 1,Cause 2,Cause 3,1 : Has the cause/effect relationship been effectively addressed ? 2 : Has sufficient supporting detail been included ? 3 : Does the writing contain an effective opening and closing ? 4 : Does the writing form a meaningful whole ?,Writing and Revising Evaluating,effects therefore, so as a result, consequently, accordingly, because of this, thus, hence, for this reason, result in,causes due to, because of, owing to, as a result of, on account of , for, on the ground of, through , because, since, as, on the ground that,Transitional Words and Phrases,常用于因果分析法的连接词 because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordingly, hence, so, thus, therefore, consequently, for this reason For one thing, for another, The first reason is that the second one is It is mainly (partly) because of It is not that , but that It is not because but because This is why ,Comparison and Contrast Defined,Comparison is concerned with organizing and developing points of similarityhow your mother and father are alike, how the culture of Mexico resembles that of Spain. Contrast has the same function for dissimilarityhow American football differs from soccer, how you are different today from the way you were five years ago. Approaches: Focus only on the similarities between two things (comparison). Focus only the differences between two things (contrast). Focus on both the similarities and the differences between two things (comparison/contrast).,Basis for Comparison and Contrast,语言学家普遍认为词汇不是语义构成的最小单位，而是由一些更小的语义单位组成的具有不同意义的单位，为此他们提出了语义成分分析理论与方法。 语义成分分析最早用于词汇分析如 man: +human +adult +male woman: +human +adult -male boy : +human -adult +male girl: +human -adult -male,（一）确定范围,如要分析“父亲”的义素，首先找出“母亲”来比较，可以得出男性与女性的区别，再找出“儿子、女儿”来比较，可以得出上一辈和下一辈的区别，再找“丈夫、妻子”来比较，可得出生育关系与婚姻关系的区别。这时，这些词语都能相互区别了，而且也能与其他词语相区别了。,（二）比较异同,表示近亲属关系的词语“父亲、母亲、儿子、女儿、丈夫、妻子、哥哥、姐姐、弟弟、妹妹”： 义项 性别 辈分 关系 年龄 类属 父亲 男性 上一辈 生育关系 亲属 母亲 女性 上一辈 生育关系 亲属 儿子 男性 下一辈 被生育关系 亲属 女儿 女性 下一辈 被生育关系 亲属 丈夫 男性 同辈 婚姻关系 亲属 妻子 女性 同辈 婚姻关系 亲属 哥哥 男性