翻译技巧之三词类转换,揭廷媛,No wonder the sight of the old picture should send the memories of quite a number of the old generation back to 36 years ago.,译二：难怪许多老一辈的人见了这张旧照片就会想起 三十六年前的往事。,译三：难怪看到这张旧照片会使许多老人回忆起三十 六年前的情景。,译一：难怪这张旧照片把许多老一代人的思绪带回到 三十六年前。,词类转换翻译法,词类转换是指在翻译过程中，将源语中一种词性 的词语用目的语中另一种词性的词语进行翻译的方法。,目的：使译文语句自然流畅、清晰易懂,前提：忠实再现原文的内容,依据：汉语自身的规范与结构,方法：灵活多样、因地制宜 根据转换的结果，进行一定的补偿和调整。,词类转换法,原因：英汉词类的不同 英汉相同词类的使用范围和频率不同 英汉的语法规则不同,Steam and machinery revolutionized industrial production. We would be more than happy to welcome you as a guest speaker on Friday evening in our university. 蒸汽机和机器引发了工业生产领域的革命。 我们非常高兴地欢迎您应邀于本星期五晚来我校作报告。,The mere sight of blood makes Mary sick.,玛丽一看见血就恶心。,We are immensely impressed by the splendor and warmth of our reception at the Great Hall of the People.,在人民大会堂为我们举行的隆重、热烈的欢迎仪式， 给我们留下了十分深刻的印象。,名词的转换,I have the honour to inform you that your application has been accepted.,我荣幸地通知阁下，您的申请已被接受。,Lincoln wanted to establish a government of the people, by the people and for the people.,林肯希望建立一个民有、民治、民享的政府。,They often work through the day without anything to eat.,它们常常不吃东西而工作一天。,介词的转换,American English differs from British English in many ways.,美国英语和英国英语在许多方面都有所区别。,I dont know what Tom aimed at in saying that.,我不知道汤姆那样说的用意何在。,动词的转换,He is not to blame for being late, because he is ignorant of our plan.,他不应因迟到而受到责备，因为他不知道我们的计划。,I feel certain of his finishing the task on time.,我确信他会按时完成任务。,形容词的转换,He was in a clear minority.,他显然属于少数。,副词的转换,I was deeply impressed by the great changes in my hometown.,家乡的巨变给我留下了深刻的印象。,The paper said editorially that China has successfully survived a worldwide financial crisis.,该报的社论说，中国成功地经受住了一场波及全球的 金融危机。,The manager will be back in about an hour.,经理大约在一小时后回来。,冠词的转换,The children are of an age.,这些孩子是同一年生的（或同岁）。,A 1.5% decrease in supply causes a 10% increase in price.,供应每下降1.5%会导致价格上涨10%。,连词的转换,Five and five is ten.,五加五等于十。,The distance is four kilometers or 2.4856 miles.,距离是4公里，折合2.4856英里。,Let them call themselves Taiwan and we will invite them.,只要他们称自己为台湾，我们就邀请他们参加。,译例讲解（一）,原文：It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.,译文：这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统 希望开始中美对话的原因。,译例讲解（二）,原文：”Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.,译文： “来啦! ” 她转过身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地， 跨上小径，跃上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。,译例讲解（三）,原文：She was wisely determined to give it up.,译文：她很聪明，决定不干了。,原文：The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and awkward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new one.,译例讲解（四）,译文：数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们 的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起 采取坚决措施，去创造新的生活。,译例讲解（五）,原文：The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters.,译文：最好的书蕴藏着金玉般的良言和闪闪发光的 思想，将它们铭记在心、珍藏于心，这些良言和思 想就会与我们朝夕相伴，使我们时时得到慰藉。,译例讲解（六）,原文：We are not afraid of the future because of a bomb. We are afraid of bombs because we have no faith in the future.,译文：我们不是因为有了原子弹而害怕将来，而是因为 对将来没有信心而害怕原子弹。,译例讲解（七）,原文：Mother had always told me that poor people were basically kind. I didnt think this man would want to hurt me.,译文：妈妈总是对我说，穷人的本质是好的，所以 我想这个人不会害我。,译例讲解（八）,原文：When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.,译文：只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要 用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。,课堂练习,1. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. 2. The president had prepared meticulously for his journey. 3. She succeeded in rendering her position with this family comfortable and secure. 4. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.,1. An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement. 以自由企业为基础的经济体制，其普遍特性就是私有制和个人创新精神，政府的介入相对很少。,2. The president had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。 3. She succeeded in rendering her position with this family comfortable and secure. 她巩固了自己在这个家庭中的地位，可以安安稳稳、舒舒服服过日子了。,4. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。,A major source of anxiety about the future of the family is rooted not so much in reality as in the tension between the idealized expectation in the culture and the reality itself. Nostalgia for a lost family tradition, which, in fact, never existed, has prejudiced our understanding of the conditions of families in contemporary society. Thus, the current anxiety over the fate of the family reflects not only problems in the family but also a variety of fears about other social problems that are eventually projected onto the family.,The real problem facing American families today are not symptoms of breakdown as is often suggested; rather, they reflect the difficulties of adaptation to recent social changes, particularly to the loss of diversity i