A History of Psychology,Chapter 5: Structuralism,Introduction,Wundt: (experimental psychology) 1. organization of elements 2. through Apperception 3. Mind has the power to organize mental elements voluntarily,Titchener: (structuralism) 1. focused on elements 2. through Association 3. Analyze consciousness into its component parts and determine its structure.,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),A. His life: 1. Born in England 2. Attended at Oxford U. a. philosophy and the classics b. research assistant in physiology c. interested in Wundts psychology,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),2. 1892, studied with Wundt and earned Ph.D at Leipzig 3. Back to Oxford U. and wished to become the English pioneer of Wundts psychology. 4. However, his colleagues were skeptical of scientific approach to philosophical issues. Thus, he left England to Cornell U.,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),5. Cornell University (1893-1927) a. 1893-1900 established lab, did research, and wrote articles. b. supervised more than 50 doctoral candidates c. directed students research topics d. built his system of structuralism e. translated Wundts books such as Principles of Physiological Psychology,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),B. His work 1. His books a. 1896: An Outline of Psychology b. 1898: Primer of Psychology c. 1901-1905: Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Lab Practice 1) stimulated growth of lab work in US 2) influenced a generation of experimental psychology 3) popular text, translated in to 5 languages,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),2. 1904: Titchener Experimentalists organized; men only. 3. Accepted women in psychology graduate programs a. one-third of his doctoral students were women b. Margaret F. Washburn 1) first woman Ph.D in psychology 2) wrote important book on comparative psychology (The Animal Mind, 1908) 3) first woman psychologist elected to National Academy of Sciences 4) president of the APA,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),C. the content of conscious experience 1. Subject matter of psychology a. conscious experience b. as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it. 2. Dependent on the experiencing individual Other sciences: independent of experiencing persons (e.g., temperature),Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),3. Consider phenomena in terms of how human observe and experience these phenomena, e.g., light and sound. 4. Stimulus error: Confusing the mental process with the object we are observing. See an apple and describe that object as an apple instead of reporting the elements of color, brightness, and shape they are experiencing.,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),5. Immediate versus mediate experience Color, brightness, or shape (immediate experience) Other than color, brightness, or shape (mediate experience: interpreting the object),Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),6. Consciousness: the sum of our experiences as they exist at a given time 7. Mind: the sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),8. Pure science a. only legitimate purpose: to discover the facts (structure) of the mind b. no applied aspects c. only normal adult humans,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),D. Introspection 1. Self-observation 2. Relied on trained observers reporting the elements of their conscious state 3. Adopted Kulpes label, “systematic experimental introspection” Used detailed, qualitative, subjective report of mental activities during the act of introspecting,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),4. Opposed Wundts approach Wundt: synthesis (Whole) Titchener: component parts (Parts) 5. Goal: analysis; to discover the atoms of the mind,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),6. Mechanist: subjects were “reagents” and were like mechanical recording instruments 7. Proposed an experimental approach to introspective observation in psychology: an experiment is an observations that can be repeated, isolated, and varied,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),E. Elements of consciousness 1. Defined three essential problems for psychology a. reduce conscious processes to simplest components b. determine laws by which elements were associated c. connect the elements with their physiological conditions,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),2. Aims: the same as those of the natural sciences 3. Proposed three elementary states of consciousness a. sensations basic element of perception, e.g., sound or smell b. images the element of idea, e.g., memory of past experiences c. affective states the element of emotion, e.g., love, hate, and sadness,Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927),4. Discovered 44,500 basic elements of sensation a. each is conscious b.