Outlining the Speech,Preparation outline: very detailed, for the planning stage. Speaking outline: very brief, for the delivery of the speech.,The Preparation Outline,Preparation outline: a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.,It helps you prepare the speech. Decide what youll say in the introduction, how you will organize the main points and supporting materials in the body, and what youll say in the conclusion.,Guidelines for the Preparation Outline,State the specific purpose and central idea. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion. Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. State main points and subpoints in full sentences.,Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews. Attach a bibliography. Give your speech a title.,State the Specific Purpose and Central Idea,The specific purpose statement and the central idea should be separate units that appear before the text of the outline itself. How well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose and to communicate your central idea.,Label the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion,Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation,See APS page 120. Visual framework: the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that show the relationships among the speakers ideas.,State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences,A skimpy preparation outline is of little value. Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.,Label Transitions, Internal Summaries, and Internal Preview,Usually theyre not incorporated into the system of symbolization and indentation. Theyre labeled separately and are inserted in the outline where theyll appear in the speech.,Attach a Bibliography,Bibliography: a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech. It shows all the books, magazines, newspapers, and Internet sources consulted, as well as any interviews or field research you conducted.,Give Your Speech a Title,Three requirements for a good speech title: (1) be brief; (2) attract the attention of your audience; (3) encapsulate the main thrust of your speech. See APS pages 122-124. Sample Preparation Outline With Commentary.,The Speaking Outline,Speaking outline: a brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech. It helps you what you want to say. A condensed version of your preparation outline.,It should contain key words or phrases, essential statistics and quotations. It should also include cues to direct and sharpen your delivery.,Guidelines for the Speaking Outline,Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline. Make sure the outline is legible. Keep the outline as brief as possible. Give yourself cues for delivering the speech.,Follow the Visual Framework Used in the Preparation Outline,Use the same visual framework as your preparation outline. See instantly where you are in the speech at any given moment while you are speaking.,Make Sure the Outline Is Legible,It should be readable at a distance. Use large lettering, leave extra space between lines, provide ample margins, and write or type on only one side of your paper or note card.,Keep the Outline as Brief as Possible,It should contain key words or phrases. It should be the minimum you need to jog your memory and keep you on track.,Give Yourself Cues for Delivering the Speech,Delivery cues: directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how he or she wants to deliver key parts of the speech. One way: by underlining or highlighting key ideas that you want to be sure to emphasize.,Another way: jot down on the outline explicit cues such as “pause”, “repeat”, “slow down”, “louder”, and so forth. See APS pages 126-127: Sample Speaking Outline With Commentary.,Using Visual Aids,As the old saying goes, one picture can be worth a thousand words. Visual images can make a speakers message more interesting, make the audience grasp it more easily , and retain it longer.,Kinds of Visual Aids,Objects and models. Photographs and drawings. Graphs. Charts. Video. The speaker. PowerPoint.,Objects and Models,Model: an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. View an excerpt from “CPR”: rescue breathing, presented on Video 12.1.,Photographs and Drawings,Neither will work effectively unless theyre large enough for the audience to see without straining. The most effective way to show drawings and photographs is with PowerPoint. View an excerpt from “Machu Picchu: City of the Gods.,Graphs,Graph: a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns. Line graph: a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.,Pie graph: a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns. Bar graph