Part1Materialstructurez李g标02志二支二Chapter1_AtomicstructureandelementalperiodictableChapter】“nlolectiUarstruct0reChapter3“CrystalstructureChapter4“CoordinationCompoundChapter1AtomicstructureandelementalperiodictablecContents1-1Thesimplehistoryoftheatomicstructure1-2Relativeatomicmass(atomicweight)1-3Theoriginandevolutionofatom“1-4“BohirDiahtetn0tlelofatomistructulie1-5Thestructureofhydrogenatoml1-6Electronicconfigurationofatomingroundstate1-7Elementalperiodsysteml1-8ElementalperiodpropertyAtomicestructureisthathowbetheatomconstitutedandwhatconstitutewith.Fromlangienttimgsta_Dalton“8Period.the.atombe.seen_anindivisibleminimumparticlewWhichconstituteanymatter.Until19centurysomeimportantbreakthroughinscience,especiallythediscoverofelectronandradioactiveelements,complexityandleveafatamicstrnctureisiustconfirmed,itisbekuowuthattheatotcanWerebroxenunderthecertainconditionandproducetheotheratomlatthesametime。,Thusthetheoryofatomlconstructiongraduallycameintobeing,andquicklydevelop。1一1“thesimplehistoryoftheatomicstructure肉一一轨一一升一二-朱一一朱一一-个一一升一一-一一-一二升一一-一一一一、ThedevelopmentoftheatomicconceptionFromancienttimestothemodern,thecognitionaboutatomformankindreflectthethingthatthesciencelevelofpeopleiscontinuouslyincreasedandthecomplenensicniscontixiovslydecponing1、Theconceptofthe_ancienratom(atomicbackground)FromtheancientGreeceuntil17century,peoplehadlotsofsimpleandphilosophicalcognitionaboutatomConjecture.2、Dalton?satomictheoryIn1808Dalton(1766-1844)publishedAnewsystemofchemicalphilosophy,inwhichhepresentedhistheoryofatoms:DEacteleiientfsmateup6fHfyparticlescalletatoiS(2)Theatomsofagivenelementareidentical;theatomsofdifferentelementsaredifferentinsomefundamentalWayorWayYS。(3)Chemicalcompoundsareformedwhen_atomscombineWitheachcther,AgivencompoundalwayshasthesamerelativeruinDeranQl_/丨e0falorns(4)Chemicalreactionsinvolvereorganizationoftheatoms一一changedinthewaytheyareboundtogether,Theatomshen8e技绍化0关08骆许表骆弘朱骏驱解弈为当时的各个化学基本定律,但道尔顿武断认为原子是不能再分割的实心小球,果真如此吗?3、ThomsonsplumpuddingmodelThomson(18561940)reasonedthatsinceelettrotscotld6epr6ducedff5melectiodesmadeofvarioustypesofmetals,allatomsmustcontainelectron.SinceatomsalsoWereknowntobeelectricallyneutral.Thomsonfurtherassumedthatatomsalsomustcontainsomepositivecharge-.ThomscnDGstulatedthalanatomcoilsstedofadiffusecloudofpositivechargewiththenegativeelectronsembeddedrandomlyinit.Thismodelisottencalledtheplumpuddingmodelbecausetheelectronsarelikeraisinsdispersedinapudding(thepositivechargecloud).ElconsseateredHhroughoutDiffusepostivecharge(Theoqpoelmallsoencalbiloweimea(ActualmesulesifThenaosmodslweeeomet4、Rutherfordnuclearatommodel肉-一一轨一一升一二-朱一一朱一一-个一一牟一一半一一升一一志一一-一一-FromscatteringexperimentofalphaparticlesRutherford(18711937)reasonedthattheseTesultscouldonlybeexplainedintermsofanuclearatom一一anatomwithadensecenterofposttiye-charge(乞eguclens)Withelectronismovingaroundthenucleusaadlstancethatislargerelativetothenuclearradius.Herecelvedthenobeiprizeinchemistryin1908.5S、BohrsPlanettypemodelofatoml“加1913,Danish.physicistBahrqware0fthe-experimentalresultswe“havejustdiscussed,developedaquantummodel一一planettypemodelofatominWhichatommovesaroundthenucleusonlyincertainallowedcircularorbits.G6、WavemechauicsimotdelGfiatotnIn1926Schrodingerbringuptheconceptofwavemechanics(quantummechanics)andpointoutthattheelectronmovingaroundthenucleusisathree-dimensionalwave(wave-particleparallelism)Dalton“Thomson“RutherfordBohrWavemechanics18031898191119231926