骨骼和肌肉系统 Musculoskeletal System,邹月芬,The diseases of musculoskeletal system are very common and complex. They are included trauma, infection, tumor, degeneration disease, metabolic and endocrine disease, congenital anomalies and so on.,Various imaging examinations are available for the evaluation of bones, joints, and soft tissues. Some are general examinations used for the patients with many types of disorders. Others have more limited indications. Plain film radiography is routine technique in clinical practice. CT and MRI are used more and more now, because of its cross-sectional display, excellent contrast resolution, and ability to measure specific attenuation values.,Examination Techniques,X-ray Plain film, fluoroscopy, angiography CT： plain scan, enhancement MRI： plain scan, enhancement,X-ray,Plain film (basic examination) Routine radiographic evaluation of the bones should consist of anteroposterior (or posteroanterior) and lateral views, which should include one joint and soft tissue Oblique and tangent views may be necessary in specific situations.,Knee of anteroposterior and lateral views,Lumbar spine,血管造影(angiography ) For vascular diseases and bone tumor 关节造影(arthrography) For joint diseases, very few used now,angiography,Computed Tomography,plain scan Include bone window and soft tissue window enhancement - For differential diagnosis CT myelography,L4-5 CT soft tissue window and bone window,Knee: CT soft tissue window and bone window,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,plain scan and enhancement SE,TSE or GRE are basic sequences. Fat suppression sequences and use of intravascular contrast agents further increase the ability to accentuate tissue contrast.,Lumbar spine sagittal view (T1WI,T2WI),Ultrasonography,Ultrasonography is noninvasive and painless to the patient. Furthermore, it is less expensive, safer, and performed more rapidly than most alternative studies. Because it allows localization of lesions in three dimensions, sonography is a useful technique for guiding percutaneous aspiration or biopsy and for mapping radiation portals.,Normal Imaging Anatomy,Form, structure and develop of bone form：long bone, short bone, tabular bone, unregular bone Structure: compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum, medullary cavity of bone develop：intramembranous ossification (skull, facial bones)，endochondral ossification (trunk, limbs, base of skull, ethmoid)，ossification center,Long bone Developing bone diaphysis：compact bone, medullary cavety metaphysis：spongy bone Epiphysis: secondary ossification center epiphyseal plate： bone age： the age of creating secondary ossification in the epiphyses and the age of combining epiphysis with diaphysis,Matured bone： diaphysis: cortex of bone, spongy bone, Medullary cavity of bone, vascular channel extremities: joint sesamoid bone,CT and MRI,bone window Cortex, trabecula, medullary cavity soft tissue window Muscle, tendons, cartilage,股骨下段CT 骨窗、软组织窗,Headline,SOMATOM Emotion 16 8.5 sec for 102 mm 16 x 0.6 mm Pitch 1.2 Rotation 0.6 sec 130 kV 77 effective mAs,Courtesy of Jiangsu province people hospital / Nanjing, China,Headline,SOMATOM Emotion 16 53.8 sec for 318 mm 16 x 0.6 mm Rotation 1.0 sec 130 kV 123 effective mAs,Bone removal,Courtesy of Jiangsu province people hospital / Nanjing, China,MRI检查,骨骼、关节、肌肉等软组织有良好MRI自然对比，能三维显示上述各种正常、异常结构，MRI增强扫描能提高诊断正确率。,Ultra-High Resolution 3T T1 VIBE 3D with Isotropic 0.4 mm3,T1 3D VIBE water excitation TA 5:44, eff. SL 0.4 mm, matrix 512, partitions 112, FoV 100 mm,方法,常用T1WI、T2WI及T2WI抑脂像，矢、轴、冠状位扫描。PDWI、DWI、T2MAP等 正常： 躯干、四肢骨 关节 软组织 结合正常解剖所见，病理发现异常病变,Ultra-High Resolution 1.5T T2 DESS with isotropic 0.7 mm,T2 3D DESS coronal isotropic necrosis, PAT 2 with GRAPPA eff. SL 0.7 mm, partitions 104, matrix 576, FoV 340 mm,Sagittal MPR of T2 3D DESS,Courtesy Dr. Tallal C. Mamisch,New syngo MR B13,Now you can evaluate smallest menisceal tears with a single sequence,PD SPACE PAT2 - isotropic resolution 0.84 mm MAGNETOM Avanto,PD SPACE with FatSat PAT2 - isotropic resolution 0.84 mm MAGNETOM Avanto,Joint,关节分类 不动关节(immovable joint) 微动关节(amphiarthrodial joint) 能动关节(movable joint),Joint,关节间隙（joint space) 关节面(articular surface) 关节囊(joint capsule) 韧带(ligament) 关节软骨(articular cartilage),儿童踝关节,儿童膝关节,儿童髋关节,后交叉韧带 posterior cruciate ligament,前交叉韧带 Anterior cruciate ligament,股四头肌腱 quadriceps femoris tendon 髌韧带 patellar ligament,半月板 meniscus,髌股关节 Patellofemoral joint,Spine,cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, coccygeal vertebrae physiocurvature vertebra：vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, articular process, intervertebral disc paravertebral soft tissue,CT,MRI T1WI, T2WI,多发性骨髓瘤,Soft tissue,X-ray: limited CT: better MRI: best,前交叉韧带完全撕裂2,左膝内上部软组织血管瘤,Essential lesion of bone,osteoprosis osteomalacia Bone destruction hyperostosis Periosteal proliferation,calcification osteonecrosis mineral deposition Bone deformation Soft tissue lesion,C