宁夏大学 硕士学位论文 ADHD儿童前瞻记忆的动态评估 姓名：陈倩 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：应用心理学 指导教师：张丽锦 2011-04 I 摘 要 基于维果斯基“最近发展区”理论而提出的动态测验，是对传统静态测验只考查个体当 前水平的一个补充和完善。近些年来，动态测验普遍应用于特殊儿童（如家庭经济地位低、 智力落后、ADHD 等）的认知能力评估，一方面评估其认知潜能以消除社会刻板印象，另 一方面，通过前、后测成绩的改变细致、准确地区分出低认知表现但有潜能的儿童和真正有 障碍的儿童，为日后的“因材施教”提供指导依据。随着 ADHD 儿童人数的增多，这一特 殊群体的认知能力日渐受到广大研究者们的关注，而前瞻记忆这一认知能力对 ADHD 儿童 合理的安排生活、有效的学习具有重要作用和意义。因此，本研究采用动态测验“前测- 干 预- 后测”的范式对 ADHD 儿童的前瞻记忆进行全面的、公平公正的探查，以期消除对其前 瞻记忆受损以致不可塑的刻板印象提供依据，进而提高教师、家长对这一特殊群体儿童的关 注，以帮助其前瞻记忆朝着正常方向发展。 本研究以城市两所普通小学 9、10 岁 436 名儿童为被试，通过 CCMD- 和单片机连续 性操作测试仪双重标准最终筛选出智力、情绪、生理均正常的 32 名 ADHD 儿童（9 岁 15 人，10 岁 17 人） ，同时并选取 32 名年龄、性别、智力匹配的非 ADHD 儿童（正常儿童） 为对照组。对两组被试均施测 Swanson 认知加工测验中用以考查个体前瞻记忆的 3 个子测 验，主要探查两组儿童干预前、后成绩的变化情况，在此基础上，试图进一步探查不同程度、 不同亚型 ADHD 儿童前瞻记忆的内在差异性状况。通过对结果的分析与讨论，本研究得出 以下结论： （1）经过有步骤的干预后，ADHD 儿童前瞻记忆有着明显的提高和改善，只是 ADHD 儿童要想达到与正常儿童相当水平则需更多的提示； （2）ADHD 儿童前瞻记忆的加工策略不及正常儿童好，相比于正常儿童，ADHD 儿童 的选择策略更易于变动而不稳定，且有效策略选择者总人次均少于正常儿童； （3）通过动态测验，能够发掘不同程度、不同亚型 ADHD 儿童前瞻记忆的不同潜能； （4）9 岁、10 岁 ADHD 儿童前瞻记忆的现有水平不存在差异，但经干预后，儿童的潜 在发展水平的年龄效应凸显出来，10 岁 ADHD 儿童显著高于 9 岁 ADHD 儿童。 关键词：动态评估，ADHD 儿童，前瞻记忆，加工策略 II Abstract Dynamic test is based on Vygotsky s theory of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), it is a suppliment and completement for the traditional static test which only examines individual s current level. Recent years, dynamic test was generally applied on the special children (such as low family economic status, intelligence behind, ADHD, and so on), on the one hand, evaluate the cognitive potential to eliminate social stereotype, on the other hand, distinguish meticulously and accurately those people who is low cognitive performance but has the potential ability and truly disabled children through the change of before and after, for “teaching students according to their aptitude“ provides a guidance basis in the future. With the increasing number of children with ADHD, the researchers take considerable attention to their cognitive ability, however prospective memory capability is important and significance for children with ADHD to arrange their life and effective learning.Therefore, the study used the dynamic test with “ pretest- intervention- post- test” paradigm to achieve a fair and integrated assessment of the level of prospective memory in children with attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in order to provide the proof for eliminate the stereotype that their prospective memory was impaired, thus draw the teacher and parent s more attention to the specific children, so as to help their prospective memory to develope toward normal direction. This study tested 436 children aged 9, 10 years in two urban ordinary primay, and selected 32 children with ADHD (9 years old 15 people, 10 years old 17 people) whose intelligence, emotion and physiology are all normal through double standards of CCMD- and Single Chip Micyoco for Continuous Performance Test, and then chose 32 normal children as control group matching age, sex and intelligence. Used three subtests of the auditory digit sequence, phrase sequence and semantic categorization in Swanson Cognitive Processing Test (S- CPT) , the study s main goal is to explore the prospective memory performance before and after intervention, on this basis, then tried to explore prospective memory of individual difference amony different degree and different subtypes children with ADHD. Through the analysis of the results and discussion, this study reached the following conclusions: (1) After step- by- step intervention, children with ADHD prospective memory performance had apparent change and improving, but if children with ADHD want to achieve normal children s level, they needed more hints; (2) ADHD s prospective memory processe strategy was worse than normal children, which the process strategy of the children with ADHD is easier to change and unstable, and the numble of ADHD children who choose effective strategy was also less than the normal children; (3) The dynamic test can explore the different potential about prospective memory amony different degree, different subtypes of ADHD children; (4) The the current level of prospective memory did not exist differences between 9 and 10 years old children with ADHD, but after intervention, their potential development level was different, the 10 years old children with ADHD was significantly higher than 9 years old children. Key words: ADHD children, prospective memory, dynamic test, process strategy 宁夏大学硕士学位论文 第一章 文献综述 1 第一章 文献综述 1 引言 智力测验长期以来一直关注的是个体的认知表现在所属群体中的位置， 但近些年的研究 主张这种测验仅仅关注了儿童的现有认知水平，忽略了其认知改变和潜在发展水平（e.g., Carlson Sternberg Haywood Kerns Kleigel, Ropeter, Smith 陈思佚，周仁来，2010） ，如，陈思佚和周仁 来（2010）通过目标刺激呈现的眼动测量探查个体前瞻记忆的加工过程，结果证实了前瞻记 忆需策略控制的理论。West 等人（2006, 2007a, 2007b）通过 ERP 研究也支持了前瞻记忆任 务的完成需要策略监控加工的参与。根据策略控制加工的观点，仅仅简单地发现了“商店” 这一标志并不能促使个体执行预定任务，而是需要个体进行一定程度的认知加工，即需要看 其是否能够将商店这个刺激物与当前所保留的意向联系起来。 2.2 ADHD 儿童前瞻记忆的有关研究 ADHD 儿童作为一种特殊的障碍群体，其认知能力一直受到研究者和教育者的关注。 一些研究发现，ADHD 儿童在算术与写作任务（Barkley, DuPaul, Douglas Reader, Harris, Sh