钒的使用和消耗 Consumption and Use of Vanadium,2007年4月国际钒技术委员会会员的地理位置分布 Geographical Distribution of the Members of VANITEC in April 2007,攀钢,承钢,科罗拉多州 Colorado,乌拉尔 Urals,赤纳 Cheena,磁铁矿 Magnetite 铁矿砂 Iron Sands 石油,油页岩,沥青砂 Oil, Oil Shale and Tar Sands 含磷矿 Phosphorous Ores 铀矿 Uranium Ores 含钒的粘土 Vanadiferous Clays,南非 South Africa,智利 Chile,巴西 Brazil,澳大利亚 W.Australia,瑞典 Sweden,芬兰 Finland,印度 India,中国 China,昆士兰州 Queensland,委内瑞拉 Venezuela,中东 Middle East,阿尔伯达省Alberta,阿肯色州 Arkansas,爱达荷州 Idaho,新西兰 New Zealand,钒的来源 Sources of Vanadium,钒在世界范围内的生产能力 (2003年-102,000吨 V2O5 ) World Capacity for Production of Primary Vanadium ( 102,000T V2O5 in 2003 ),西方=不包括中国, 俄罗斯及东欧在内的世界上的其它国家 N.B. West = World less China, Russia and Eastern Europe,645百万吨 645 million tonnes,年 Year,钢产量, 百万吨 Steel Production, Million Tonnes,世界及西方国家的钢产量 Steel Production in the World and the West,54,527吨钒 54,527tV,37,032吨钒 37,032tV,西方 West,世界 World,年 Year,钒消耗, 吨 Vanadium Consumption, Tonne,钒消耗 Vanadium Consumption,西方=不包括中国, 俄罗斯及东欧在内的世界上的其它国家 N.B. West = World less China, Russia and Eastern Europe,0.0574公斤钒/吨钢 0.0574kgV/t steel,0.0447公斤钒/吨钢 0.0447kgV/t steel,西方 West,世界 World,年 Year,公斤钒/吨钢 KgV/Tonne Steel,钒消耗/吨钢 Vanadium Consumption/Tonne of Steel Produced,西方=不包括中国, 俄罗斯及东欧在内的世界上的其它国家 N.B. West = World less China, Russia and Eastern Europe,2005年钒在钢及其它工业中的消耗 Vanadium Consumption in Steel and Other Industries, 2005,为什么在钢中使用钒? Why is Vanadium Used in Steel ?,良好的焊接粗晶热影响区韧性 由于焊接粗晶热影响区中的晶内成核铁素体. 此外,不大于0.1%的钒对中间临界再热粗晶区韧性只有较小的影响或没有影响. Good Grain Coarsened HAZ Toughness in Welds Arising from Intra-granular Ferrite Nucleation in the Weld GC HAZ. Furthermore, up to 0.1%V has little or no effect on the inter-critically reheated GC HAZ toughness.,良好的铸造性能 不易产生横向和高温破裂 Good Castability - Relative Freedom from Transverse and High Temperature Cracking,VC和VN在奥氏体和铁素铁中的高溶解度 低均热温度 High Solubility in and of VC and VN Low Soaking Temperatures,在轧制过程中, 析出较少或溶质牵制较小 低轧制负荷及高生产率 Little Precipitation or Solute Drag During Rolling Low Rolling Loads and Higher Productivity,通过传统的晶界钉扎及晶内成核铁素体实现细化晶粒 强度和韧性 Grain Refinement by both Conventional Grain Boundary Pinning and Intra-granular Ferrite Nucleation Strength and Toughness,形成坚硬难溶解的碳化物 工具钢中的磨损阻力 Formation of Hard Refractory Carbides Wear Resistance in Tool Steels,与氮的结合能力 有助于强化及防止由于氮引起的应变时效 Ability to Combine With Nitrogen Aids Strength and Helps Prevent Strain Ageing Due to N,良好的铸造性能 连铸产品不易发生横向裂纹 Good Castability Relative Freedom From Transverse Cracking in CC Products,良好的铸造性能 对连铸产品的高温破裂没有影响 Good Castability - No Effect on High Temperature Cracking in CC Products,良好的铸造性能 对连铸产品的高温破裂没有影响 Good Castability - No Effect on High Temperature Cracking in CC Products,良好的铸造性能 对连铸产品的高温破裂没有影响 Good Castability - No Effect on High Temperature Cracking in CC Products,锰和钒对高温塑性的影响 Effects of Manganese and Vanadium on High Temperature Ductility,钒/铌，wt% Vanadium or Niobium, wt%,温度，C Temperature, C,在轧制过程中, 析出较少或溶质牵制较小 低轧制负荷 Little Precipitation or Solute Drag During Rolling Low Rolling Loads,在轧制过程中, 析出较少或溶质牵制较小 低轧制负荷 Little Precipitation or Solute Drag During Rolling Low Rolling Loads,钒，钼，钛和铌对静态再结晶溶质阻滞参数的影响 Effects of V,Mo, Ti and Nb on the Solute Retardation Parameter for Static Recrystallisation ( after J Jonas et al),微合金化对奥氏体再结晶的影响 Effect of Micro-alloying on Recrystallisation of Austenite (after L J Cuddy),初始溶质含量,原子% Initial Solute Content, atom%,完成再结晶的最低温度,C Minimum Temperature for Complete Recrystallisation, oC,在轧制过程中, 析出较少或溶质牵制较小 低轧制负荷 Little Precipitation or Solute Drag During Rolling Low Rolling Loads,在轧制过程中, 析出较少或溶质拖较小 高生产率 Little Precipitation or Solute Drag During Rolling Higher Productivity,板坯再加热参数 Slab Reheating Parameters,晶内成核 Intra-granular Nucleation,通过传统的晶界钉扎及晶内成核铁素体实现细化晶粒 强度和韧性 Grain Refinement by both Conventional Grain Boundary Pinning and Intra-granular Ferrite Nucleation Strength and Toughness,在900C经过20%变形,冷却后，V, Nb及C-Mn钢中的铁素体晶粒尺寸。 Ferrite Grain Size for the V, Nb and C-Mn Steels after 20% Deformation at 900C and Cooling. (在任何给定的冷却速度下, 晶粒细化主要由于晶内成核) At any given cooling rate, grain refinement is mainly due to intra-granular nucleation,通过传统的晶界钉扎及晶内成核铁素体实现细化晶粒 强度和韧性 Grain Refinement by both Conventional Grain Boundary Pinning and Intra-granular Ferrite Nucleation Strength and Toughness,钒对25mm厚, 经过正火处理的, 含有0.015-0.02%N的C-Mn-Al-V钢 屈服强度和54J冲击转变温度的影响 Effect of Vanadium on a) the Yield Strength and b) the 54J I.T.T. of 25mm Thick, Normalised, C-Mn-Al-V Steel, Containing 0.015-0.02%N.,通过传统的晶界钉扎及晶内成核铁素体实现细化晶粒 强度和韧性 Grain Refinement by both Conventional Grain Boundary Pinning and Intra-granular Ferrite Nucleation Strength and Toughness,200 nm,200nm,a),b),实例 a)在奥氏体向铁素体转变过程中析出的，片层状分布的V(C,N) (b)在铁素体内析出的，自由分布的V(C,N) Examples of a) Row Precipitation of V(CN) which Occurred During Transformation from Austenite to Fer