Guide on Gender Analysis of Census DataFull Draft of 6 December 2012ContentsIntroduction: About this Guide2Part One Background and Conceptual Clarifications for Gender Analysis of Census Data4Chapter 1: Gender in Population and Housing Censuses5Chapter 2: Conceptual Clarifications on Gender Equality and Gender-Responsive Data14Part Two Key Gender Issues Analysed with Census Data 30Chapter 3: Fertility. 32Chapter 4: Mortality53Chapter 5: Sex Ratio at Birth and throughout the Life Cycle62Chapter 6: Marital Status, Polygamy, Widowhood and Child Marriage80Chapter 7: Households and Families107Chapter 8: Income, Poverty and Living Conditions139Chapter 9: Education and Literacy160Chapter 10: Work, Economic Activities and Social Protection172Chapter 11: Migration188Chapter 12: Disability201Conclusions220References222APPENDICES243Appendix 1: Analysis of Census Questionnaires Gender Issues Included in the 2005-2014 Census Round243Appendix 2: Mapping of Resources on Gender Statistics, Relevant to the Gender Analysis of Census Data254Appendix 3: A Brief Overview of the Evolution of Gender Statistics256Appendix 4: From Understanding the Gender Data Gap to Improving the Production and Analysis of Gender Statistics259Appendix 5: How to Apply this Guide in a Country Context263Forewords and AcknowledgementsIntroduction: About this Guide 1. This guide is meant to serve as a tool for the staff of National Statistical Offices (NSOs) - possibly in collaboration with academic or research institutions -, National Ministries responsible for gender equality and womens empowerment, and civil society gender advocates, to be used in their efforts to promote equality, human rights and equity issues between women and men through the appropriate analysis of census data. It is also expected to be utilized by various United Nations Regional, Sub-regional and Country Offices in the gender analysis of census data, to better support government partners in their formulation of gender-responsive policies and programmes in all areas and all levels of government. 2. The guide has been produced by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in close collaboration with UN Women, the United Nations Childrens Fund and the United Nations Statistics Division, following two Needs Assessment Conferences for Census Analysis (Dakar, Senegal in 2009 and Bvaro, Dominican Republic in 2010). As one NSO delegate noted:Gender is not systematically analysed in censuses. Many countries still do not consistently disaggregate data by age and sex and do not distinguish between sex disaggregated data and specific gender analysis from census data. There is a clear need that countries ensure the production and provision of easy access of age and sex-disaggregated data for users who require such information. Also, countries should develop specific gender databases from their censuses and mainstream gender in the entire national statistical system. UNFPA needs to build capacity for gender analysis in the form of both technical guidelines and practical training of staff (Dakar Conference Report, 2009: 8).Besides responding to a clear national need, there are at least three additional rationales for producing this guide: a. Intrinsic Rationale3. Promoting gender-responsive census analysis is in line with the human rights-based approach and supports countries in fulfilling their human rights obligations. Gender differences and gender inequalities have often been overlooked in statistical production even though it is now widely acknowledged that access and control over resources, as well as the various dimensions of wellbeing, is gendered and that women and men have different needs and interests. It follows that national statistics that do not reflect these differences do not adequately reflect social reality in a way that supports sound development policy-making and planning. Gender-responsive census analysis can therefore contribute to making the national statistics base more relevant and comprehensive, and improve decision-making for development planning and programmes. Gender analysis focuses on gender-related social inequalities, discriminatory practices and unjust power relations. Cross-referencing this information and going beyond sex-disaggregation to consider other factors such as ethnicity, age, place of residence can help identify additional social issues related to subsets of excluded or vulnerable groups.b. Instrumental Rationale4. Carrying out gender analysis of census data can contribute to better and more sustainable human development outcomes. Gender analysis of census data helps build up the evidence-base informing development policies and programmes in a way that takes into account the specific needs o