(一)Literal translation, free translation,1） Literal translation直译 直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法. 第一位：忠于原文内容； 第二位：忠于原文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。 第三位：通顺的译文形式。,汉译英: 感：sense 责任感，安全感，自卑感，优越感， A sense of responsibility , A sense of safety, A sense of inferiority, A sense of superiority, 节奏感，正义感，羞耻感，幽默感， A sense of rhythm, A sense of justice, A sense of shame, A sense of humor, 无助感，方向感，紧迫感，归属感 A sense of hopelessness, A sense of direction, A sense of urgency, A sense of belonging,2） Features of Literal translation A. to be faithful to the original ideological content. A literal translator makes great efforts to transplant the original word order, sentence structure, etc, in the TL（target language ）. B. be faithful to the form of the original work; It is of less importance for translators to maintain a smooth TL form; 鲁迅： rather to be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language).宁信而不顺 【赵景琛：rather to be smooth (in language) than faithful (in thought).宁顺而不信】,注意 1) A qualified translation must be not only faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator. 2) literal translation & word-for-word translation 3) literal translation & dead translation,3）When should we depend on 直译法 ? （1） Common civilization core, 某些习语和短语的翻译 ,例如： cold war 冷战 hot line 热线 hot girls in cool suit, spicy girl 辣妹 Hot-selling books 热销书/畅销书 black market 黑市 pillar industry 支柱产业 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水,（2）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语等,直译可以丰富译语语言。例如： 1) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。 2) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy. 参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，要求在发展外交政策上合作。,3) In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness. 在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌 请出一位意想不到的证人。(杀手锏) 4）海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 Bosom friends there are within four seas, even the remotest regions are like close neighbors A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near. In wine there is truth. 酒后吐真言。,（ 3）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使译文显得通顺自然。 例如： 1) “Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings: happy and drunk. 你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。 2) Ill always remember Thanksgivings as the times we ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends. 我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与家人朋友分享爱的时刻。,to show ones cards 摊牌 shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交 a gentlemans agreement 君子协定 to strike somebody when he is unprepared 攻其不备 Soon got, soon gone. 来得容易，去得快。 Speech is silver, silence is golden. 雄辩是银，沉默是金。,二、意译法 free translation 1）意译(归化法)指只忠实原文内容，不拘泥原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。信息的传递为第一位。 第一位忠于原文内容 第二位通顺的译文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能符合译语读者的阅读习惯和审美心理。通用、联用、惯用 第三位忠于原文形式 John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。,例证分析 三口之家 nuclear family 三世同堂 the extended family with three generations under the same roof. 爸爸，感谢您对我们的爱，你的辛勤工作让我和妈妈衣食无忧。 Dear dad, thank you for your affection on us, your hard work always keeps bread on the table and roof over our head. bread-winner,2） Features of free translation A. be faithful to the original ideological content. B. to make the TL form as smooth as possible,3） 使用意译的五个条件： 由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义，在这种情况下，就得借助意译。奈达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式， 1）literal trans will cause misunderstanding； 2）an adopted expression has not taken root in the TL so that the TL readers will offer a free interpretation； 3）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously vague and gloomy； 4）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously ambiguous； 5）a corresponding TL form will conflict with the sociolinguistic norm of the TL in style, communicative modes, etc.,4）主要有以下几种情况需要意译： 1包含典故的文化习语： 英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。例如： (1)Two heads are better than one. (2)你不要班门弄斧了. Remain modest before an authority. Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door. 联想对应Dont teach a fish how to swim. Dont teach your grandmother how to suck eggs.,as timid as a hare at a stones throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hens nest as dumb as an oyster,胆小如鼠 一箭之遥 湿如落汤鸡 蠢得像猪 犟得像牛 缘木求鱼 守口如瓶,lead a dogs life 过着牛马一样的生活 cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉 put back the clock 开倒车 talk horse 吹牛 kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵 drink like a fish 牛饮 Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。,Last night I heard him driving his pigs into market. 昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。 情人眼里出西施.Love is blind. Love makes the beloved lovely in the loves eye.,收红包 receive glove money. Receive a red envelope with some money inside as a Chinese New Year gift. 穿新衣 Put on your Sunday best 说曹操，曹操就到。 Talk of the devil and he will appear. 老马识途。 Sense comes with age. 一花独放不是春。 One swallow does not make a summer.,2英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义，但是语义有所差异，必须按照汉语的语言习惯表达. 例如： Every dog has his da