Lecture 16,Translation theory Translation skills Exercises,What is translation? linguistic view cultural view Functional view,Linguistic views Catford (1965) A linguistic Theory of Translation Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language(SL) by equivalent textual material in another language(TL). Nida (1969) The Theory and Practice of Translation Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Newmark(1982) Approaches to Translation Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics, and within linguistics, it is mainly an aspect of semantics; all questions of semantics relate to translation theory.,Cultural views Shuttleworth (1997) Dictionary of Translation Studies Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages. Nida (2001) Language and Culture For truly successful translating biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function. 王佐良(1989) 翻译中的文化比较 翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。不仅如此，还要不断地把两种文化加以比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们会说：他必须掌握两种语言；的确如此，但是不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。,Functional views “Skopos Theory”, “Ends justify means”, functionalism, etc Baker(2001) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies It is not the source text, or its effects on the source-text recipient, or the function assigned to it by the author, that determines the translation process, but the prospective function or purpose of the target text as determined by the initiators, i. e. clients, needs.,II Translation skills,1 Addition 1) To add functional words. Auxiliary words of structure, tense and mood; (P56) 2) To add context words. lecture 11.ppt lecture12.ppt,2 Omission,The method of omission is that some words are omitted in the TT because their meanings are contained in the TT or go without saying. The essence of omission lies in that some information is self-evident between TT and reader. In translation we can omit the following words in grammatical sense:,1）To omit pronoun,1 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。(原文重复，译文省略) 2 “But its the way I am, and try as I might, I havent been able to change it.” “可我就是这么个脾气，倒是下过点功夫，可就是改不了。” 3 We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。（原文泛指，译文省略） 4 You can never tell. 很难说。 5 Even as the doctor was recommending rest, he knew that this in itself was not enough, that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind. 虽然医生建议应该休息，可他知道仅仅休息是不够的，心情不平静，就无法得到真正的休息。,6 She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 她的手轻轻搭在他的胳膊上，好像表示谢意。（省略作宾语的代词） 7 She went, with her neat figure, and her sober womanly step, down the dark street. 黑暗中她沿着街道走去，看上去身材匀称，步履端庄。（省略物主代词） 8 He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩膀，摇摇脑袋，两眼望着上方，一句话也不说。 9 It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house. 他费了不少周折才找到回家的路。（It作强调用法） 10 Peter has always enjoyed claiming that it was he and not George who was the first to reach the summit of the mountain. 彼得一直津津乐道的是，第一个到达山顶的实际上并不是乔治，而是他自己。,2）To omit linking,11 He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。（省略并列连词） 12 Your son or your father or your wife or your cousin or your best friend or your boss or your secretary might be an informer for Heydrichs organization. 你的儿子，你的父亲，你的妻子，你的表亲，你的好友，你的上司，你的秘书，这些人都可能是海德里希那个组织的告密者。 13 We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin. 我们看见一只知更鸟，知道春天就要到了。（省略从属连词） 14 He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement, since he had not read the text. 他没有看到总统讲话的文本，不愿就此发挥。,15 If I had known it, I would not have joined in it. 早知如此，我就不参加了。 16 When at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully. 最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看着他妹妹。（汉语句子能表明先后顺序时，省略表示时间的连接词。） 17 He stood there, handsome, reservedsomehow those four stars seemed visible even when he was in civvies. 他站在那里，英俊而矜持，就是穿着便服，也好像看得见他那上将的四颗星。,3）To omit article,18 A teacher should have patience in his work. 当教师应当有耐心。 19 The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 在冠词的意思为“一个”“那个”“那些”“这些”“这个”时不能省略。 20 He left without saying a word. 他一句话也不说就走了。 21 The onlookers saw the little party climb ashore. 旁观者见那一小队人爬上了岸。,4) To omit repeated words or self-evident words in Chinese.,22 Job applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 申请工作者中有工作经验的优先录取。 23 She curtseyed again, and would have blushed deeper, if she could have blushed deeper than she had blushed all the time. 她又行了一个屈膝礼，因为她的脸一直涨得绯红，所以此时也不可能更红了。,24 There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end. 当时有这种信念，认为普通人要比自然的力量或人类制造的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。 25 As scheduled, American and Chinese diplomats met on January 20, at the Chinese Embassy.