College English Grammar: Grammar and Writing,By Zhu Xiangjun,Unit 4,Modifiers：Adverb Grammar: Adverbs Writing: Correcting: Misplaced Modifiers and ly Modifiers Rewriting: Relationship and completeness,Adverbs,Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or an entire clause by making its meaning more specific. We go shopping. We often do that at weekend. We often go shopping at weekend. modifying verb “go” Bob is a student. He is good. His goodness is unusual. Bob is an unusually good student. modifying adjective “good” My child gets up. He gets up at seven. He almost always gets up at seven. My child almost always gets up at seven. modifying adverb “always”,Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to an adjective: general - generally, bad - badly, soft - softly, definite - definitely, happy - happily, frequent - frequently Like adjectives, some adverbs have three forms of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. Positive Comparative Superlative badly worse worst far farther/further farthest/furthest fore former foremost/first late later latest/last little less least much more most well better best,1) Kinds of Adverbs Adverbs of Time: afterwards, later, now, soon, yesterday, then, recently, still, finally etc. Adverbs of Place: abroad, anywhere, here, outside, somewhere, there, home etc. Adverbs of Manner: well, fast, slowly, carefully, quickly etc. Adverbs of Frequency: always, often, usually, frequently, never, seldom, sometimes, etc. Adverbs of Degree: almost, entirely, greatly, highly, partially, practically, totally, very, etc. Adverbs of Negation: no, not, neither, nor etc. Adverbs of Probability: certainly, definitely, maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably etc. Adverbs of Interrogative: when, where, how, why etc. Others: also, too, only etc.,1. Position of adverbs,When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, the modifying adverb must immediately precede the word modified. The prices are quite reasonable. We are very much hoping you can attend our wedding. When an adverb modifies a verb, it has three positions in a sentence: front (before the subject), middle (between the subject and the main verb) and end (after the verb or object). Sometimes I feel quite lonely. “Mathematics” is sometimes abbreviated to “math”. I can not sense your meaning sometimes.,The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object: She picked up slowly the gun. She picked up the gun slowly. However, adverbs should always come after intransitive verbs (= verbs which have no object). Ill weeds grow fast. It pays to work honestly.,Also, some common adverbs (well, badly, hard etc.) are almost always placed after the verb. They suffered badly during the flood. Although grumbling sometimes, he worked hard. As a general rule, it is wise to place the adverb as near as possible to the word that it modifies. He drives carefully. The party has thoroughly searched the whole cave.,Adverbs of manner and place are usually put behind the direct object (or behind the verb if theres no direct object). The boy sneaked out of the house quietly. We have to walk back home. Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of a sentence but, to catch attention, you can also put them at the beginning of a sentence. She stayed in the Bears house all day. Tomorrow Im going to tidy my room. Adverbs of frequency are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must). You must always fasten your seat belt. I have never forgotten my first kiss.,3. Order of adverbs,Usual word order with different adverbs is: manner + place + time She sang beautifully in the bathroom last night. The murder escaped quickly from the village at dusk. As a general rule, shorter adverbial phrases go before longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. The cat takes a walk after super every day of its life. He will wait for us at six at the west gate of the university.,A second rule is that among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first. Mozart was born in January in 1756. They lived in a little log cabin in the mountains. Of adverbs of manner, the shorter usually comes before the longer and they are linked with each other by conjunctions such as and, but etc. Please drive slowly and carefully. She spoke fast but clearly.,Exercises 1: Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence.,The company has acquired an office building. The purchase is recent. The building is new. The building is in central Boston. The company has recently acquired a new office building in central Boston. He put forward a good suggestion. The suggestion is for students. The students are going to study abroad. He put forward a good suggestion for students (w