Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering A bilingual courseA bilingual course Prof. Zhang, XuewenProf. Zhang, Xuewen Spring semester of 2013Spring semester of 2013 Chapter 1 PrologueChapter 1 Prologue What is Genetic Engineering?What is Genetic Engineering? The legal definitionThe legal definition the formation of new combinations of heritablethe formation of new combinations of heritable material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules,material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules, produced by whatever means outside the cell,produced by whatever means outside the cell, into any virus, bacterial plasmid or other vectorinto any virus, bacterial plasmid or other vector system so as to allow their incorporation into asystem so as to allow their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not naturallyhost organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are capable of continuedoccur but in which they are capable of continued propagation.propagation. 基因工程（基因工程（gene engineeringgene engineering），又称为重组），又称为重组 DNADNA技术，是按着人们的科研或生产需要，在分技术，是按着人们的科研或生产需要，在分 子水平上，用人工方法提取或合成不同生物的子水平上，用人工方法提取或合成不同生物的 遗传物质（遗传物质（DNADNA片段），在体外切割，拼接形成片段），在体外切割，拼接形成 重组重组DNA,DNA,然后将重组然后将重组DNADNA与载体的遗传物质重与载体的遗传物质重 新组合，再将其引入到没有该新组合，再将其引入到没有该DNADNA的受体细胞中的受体细胞中 ，进行复制和表达，生产出符合人类需要的产，进行复制和表达，生产出符合人类需要的产 品或创造出生物的新性状，并使之稳定地遗传品或创造出生物的新性状，并使之稳定地遗传 给下一代。给下一代。 Gene Engineering?Gene Engineering? Genetic Engineering?Genetic Engineering? DNA recombination?DNA recombination? Molecular Cloning?Molecular Cloning? DNA manipulation?DNA manipulation? Gene manipulation?Gene manipulation? Relationship with Biotechnology and Bioengineering n n Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering the process of transferring DNA the process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification modification n n Recombinant DNA technologyRecombinant DNA technology a set of techniques for a set of techniques for manipulating DNA, including: the identification and cloning manipulating DNA, including: the identification and cloning of genes; the study of the expression of cloned genes; and of genes; the study of the expression of cloned genes; and the production of large quantities of gene product. the production of large quantities of gene product. n n Molecular cloningMolecular cloning recombinant DNA to get cloned DNA recombinant DNA to get cloned DNA for study.for study. n n BiotechnologyBiotechnology production of goods and services using production of goods and services using biological organisms, systems, and processes. biological organisms, systems, and processes. n n Bioengineering Bioengineering Biotechnology + engineering Biotechnology + engineering n n Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering is the is the alteration of genetic material by direct alteration of genetic material by direct intervention in genetic processes with intervention in genetic processes with the purpose of producing new the purpose of producing new substances or improving functions of substances or improving functions of existing organisms. existing organisms. 基因工程有两个重要的特征：基因工程有两个重要的特征： 第一是可把来自任何生物的基因转移到与其毫第一是可把来自任何生物的基因转移到与其毫 无关系的任何其他受体细胞中，因此可以实无关系的任何其他受体细胞中，因此可以实 现按照人们的愿望，改造生物的遗传特性，现按照人们的愿望，改造生物的遗传特性， 创造出生物的新性状；创造出生物的新性状； 第二是某一段第二是某一段DNADNA可在受体细胞内进行复制，可在受体细胞内进行复制， 为准备大量纯化的为准备大量纯化的DNADNA片段提供了可能，拓片段提供了可能，拓 宽了分子生物学的研究领域。宽了分子生物学的研究领域。 n n The history of biotechnology can be traced back to The history of biotechnology can be traced back to historic times. Animal and plant breeders have found historic times. Animal and plant breeders have found ways to alter and change genes to their advantage for ways to alter and change genes to their advantage for thousands of years. For example, yeast fermentation thousands of years. For example, yeast fermentation was used to manipulate the seeds. was used to manipulate the seeds. n n But the actual science of genetic engineering came But the actual science of genetic engineering came much later. It is the basement for much later. It is the basement for “ “modern modern biotechnologybiotechnology” ”. . n n Genetic engineering is based on DNA recombination. It Genetic engineering is based on DNA recombination. It combine many bine many disciplines. Traditional Biotech and industryTraditional Biotech and industry Bread, cheese, vinegar, marinades, wine and beer have been made using fermentation by microbes - yeasts, bacteria, molds and fungi - for thousands of years. Selective breeding Selective breeding led to higher-led to higher- yielding varieties.yielding varieties. What is plant biotechnology? Modern cornModern cornTeosinteTeosinte What is plant biotechnology? 传统生物技术的特点是利用现有的生物物种，传统生物技术的特点是利用现有的生物物种， 或进行常规改良或进行常规改良 n n 19 19世纪中期，世纪中期，Louis Louis PasteurPasteur（巴士德（巴士德,1822-1895,1822-1895） 发现微生物，人们才认识了食发现微生物，人们才认识了食 品发酵是酵母、乳酸杆菌等生品发酵是酵母、乳酸杆菌等生 物作用下的过程。物作用下的过程。 n n 19171917年匈牙利工程师年匈牙利工程师Karl Karl ErekyEreky将生物和技术联合起来将生物和技术联合起来 组成组