The reasons for the formation of gender differences Physiological Social Theory (Moni) Theory of cognitive development and theory of gender schema (Kohlberg) Social learning theory 一、 Physiological and social theory Moni and others put forward the theory of biological society stressed that the physical development before birth and this physiological factors have a decisive significance on the gender of children. 1、 Gender differences in the biological process 2、Biological differences and gender identity 3、Biological roots of psychological differences between the sexes Physiol ogical and social theory 1.Gender differences in the biological process Divided into several steps: the genetic determinant of conception; the role of the gonad during embryonic development; Through the blood sex hormones to the male and female reproductive system, external reproductive system and brain differentiation. (1) Gender genetic decision (2) gonads and sex hormones (3) sex hormones and brain differentiation (1) a sense of gender identity is the core of gender formation and the key. (2) social environment and bringing up decisive about gender identity must meet certain conditions: gender must be earlier confirmed in childrens lives (18 months to age 3) parents on childrens gender confirmed delay and ambiguity will result in sex differentiation of imperfect (3) gender once identify will be difficult to change. Women seem to be more likely to the formation of gender identity smoothly. 2.Biological differences and gender identity (1) Psychology and heredity: biological sex by a pair of sex chromosomes, men and women similar to far more than differences. (2)Psychology and sex hormones have an important effect on the psychological behavior of both sexes Aggressive behavior directly is affected by male hormone level Female sex hormones are cyclical 3、Biological roots of psychological differences between the sexes 二、Social learning theory Children observe by direct or indirect , forming the initial preference for sex-type toys and activities. “Observe learning“ and “example“ (parent, companion) 二、 Social learning theory 1.The Influence of Parents on the Formation of Children s Gender Role 2.The Influence of School Education on the Socialization of Gender Sex Role 3.Partnership and the formation of gender roles 1. Parents are the first teacher of the child, the family is one of the most important places of its socialization, the place where children are the most active in the early days is the family, the parents behavior is the example of the child, the child plays a subtle role , So the parents the gender role of consciousness on the childs impact is not only the earliest, but also the largest. 2. In addition to having different expectations for their children of different sexes, parents are also different in the way they treat their children. 1.The Influence of Parents on the Formation of Children s Gender Role 1. There is no doubt that teachers have a crucial impact on students forming gender roles . This influence promotes the differentiation of the roles of both sexes from different aspects. 2. Many studies have shown that Gender roles in textbooks clearly reflects the cultural stereotypes of gender roles in society，the story of the textbook depicts different male and female roles. 2.The Influence of School Education on the Socialization of Gender Sex Role 3.Partnership 3.Partnership 3.Partnership 3.Partnership and the and the and the and the formation of formation of formation of formation of gender rolesgender rolesgender rolesgender roles 1. The children more act in accordance with traditional societies gender roles, the more they will be accepted by their peers, conversely, it may be isolated .with age, partnerships become more influential, even more so than parents and teachers. It plays an important role in the formation of certain habits and hobbies. Especially after puberty, teenagers pay more and more attention to their peer groups, and there are more and more Sense of worth obeying their peer culture. 三、Theory of cognitive development and theory of gender schema (Kohlberg) Kohlberg argues that the socialization of childrens gender must be based on gender identity recognition (gaining gender stability and constantness). The results showed that the higher the level of cognition, the more appropriate sex-stereotyped behaviour among children, the more likely it is to be Gender schemata is a cognitive structure, It combines observation, aesthetics, imitation and other gender knowledge together. Gender schema theory emphasizes environmental pressures common shape gender roles and childrens cognitive development.