Unit 4 Word Pretest1.underlie Vt.1)To lie or be beneath.位于.之下eg.Shale underlies the coal. 页岩层在煤层下面。 2)To be at the bottom of；serve as the base of,as of an argument or theory；support.位于.的底部，为（辩论、学说等）的基础支撑。eg.What motives underlies his act.他行动的动机是什么？ The principles which underlie our foreign policy are sound.作为我们外交政策基础的原则是健全的。过去式：underlay过去分词：underlain现在分词：underlying2.subscribe1)Vi. adopt as a belief.同意，赞成(to)eg.He could not subscribe to their unfair plan.他不能赞同他们不公平的办法。【subscribe to sth.同意，赞成】2)Vi.To sign a paper in token of promise to give a certain sum,or to take and pay for sth. as a book.认捐，认购，订阅，预约（书等）（to)eg.We subscribe to several magazines.我们订阅数种杂志。3)Vi.预订，认购（for）eg.Renew the magazines that I subscribed for another year.把我订阅的杂志再续订一年。 to subscribe for bonds.认购公债4）Vt.To give or promise(a sum of money)for some object,by writing ones name.捐款，捐助eg.I have subscribed 20,000 dollars for the institute.我为该机构已捐助了两万美元。5）Vt.Write ones name(on)签署eg.Has he subscribed his name on the papers?他在文件上签名了吗？【subscribe oneself as.把自己的名字签作.】3.covenant1)NOUN.A signed written agreement between two or more parties(nations) to perform some action.契约，盟约，合同eg. .the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.公民权利和政治权利公约2）NOUN (Bible)an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return.圣约3）Vi. Enter into a formal agreement.订立盟约、契约eg.They covenanted in loyalty to the king.他们订立盟约以效忠国王。4)Vt.用盟约承诺、保证eg.They covenanted that their hostages would be present.他们保证他们的人质将到场。4. TribulationNOUN.An annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event.苦难，磨难。Eg.the trials and tribulations of everyday life.日常生活的磨练与艰难。Tribulation consciousness忧患意识5.flies in the face of (contrary)与.相反的，背道而驰的6.succumbVi.consent reluctantly;yield.屈服，死，被压垮(to)eg.Many of them succumbed to their injuries.他们之中的许多人受伤不治而死。.to succumb to a disease因患病而死7. Garb1) NOUN。Clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion.服装，装束，打扮eg.He wore the garb of a scout.他穿了一身童子军的装束。2） Vt.Provide with clothes or put clothes on.穿扮，穿衣。Eg.The priest was garbed in black.牧师穿着黑衣服。8. Shed1) NOUN.An outbuilding with a single story;used for shelter or storage.小屋，棚。分水岭Eg.a garden shed.一个园艺工具棚2） V.Get rid of.摆脱Eg.Some of the trees were already beginning to shed their leaves.有些树已经开始落叶了。3） V.pour out in drops or small quantities or as if in drops or small quantities.流出4） Eg.to shed tears.涌出泪水【shed of领先】9. DiscernV.detect with the senses;recognize;pick out.识别，领悟，辨别eg.We discerned a sail on the horizon.我们看见了地平线上的一张帆。She is incapable of discerning right from wrong.她不能分辨是非。 TEXT 11. （line2)assumptionnoun假定，设想2. (line11)Flatteringadj奉承的，谄媚的3. (line19)Marxist马克思主义者4. （line20)bourgeoisienoun资产阶级5. （line21)proletariatn无产阶级6. （line21)triumphnV(取得）胜利7. （line27)reassureV使安心8. （line51)empowerV授权，允许，使能够9. (line86)ponderv仔细考虑；衡量，沉思Questions1.What is the main idea in this passage?Answer:One who wants to understand history has three kinds of models to choose.ModelA is progress model.Model B:fatalism model.Model C:miracle model.2. Which models for understanding history do you prefer?Answer:My opinion resembles Model C,but there is a great difference.I think the decay period is a deposit of achievement,from quality to quality,and then,we are in achievement period.Marxist philosophy tells us that everything is progressing in contradiction.Achievement and decay is relative.Each time we reach a new golden age,we achieve a higher height.3. How to translate“Marxist histories.no bility.”in paragraph 3?Answer:马克思主义历史学家也用这种模型见证了过去两种阶级之间展开的斗争，首先是资产阶级，然后是无产阶级战胜了贵族阶级。4. Whats the main idea of paragraph 9and 10?Answer:the author prefers some affects of Models C and tells us to think critically about whether the period is achievement or decay.