有机化学知识点归纳(二)（Knowledge induction of Organic Chemistry (two)）Knowledge induction of Organic Chemistry (two)First, the structure and properties of organic compounds1 Definitions of functional groups: atoms, clusters, or chemical bonds that determine the chemical properties of organic compounds.2. The functional groups, structural characteristics and main chemical properties of common organic compounds(1) alkane(A) functional group: No; general formula: CnH2n+2; representation: CH4B) structural features: the bond angle is 109 degrees 28 , and the space is tetrahedral molecule. So are the four valence bonds of each C atom in the alkane molecule.C) chemical properties:Substitution reaction (with halogen elements, under illumination),.CombustionPyrolysis(2) olefins:A); functional groups: Formula: CnH2n (n = 2); representative: H2C=CH2B) structural features: the key angle is 120 degrees. The carbon atom of a double bond is coplanar with the four atoms it connects.C) chemical properties:Addition reaction (with X2, H2, HX, H2O, etc.)Dimerization reaction (with itself, other olefins)Combustion(3) alkynes:A) functional groups: -C = C-; formula: CnH2n-2 (n = 2); representative: HC = CHB) structural features: the bond angle between carbon carbon three bond and single bond is 180 degrees. The two carbon atoms are in the same line as the two atoms they are connected to.(C) chemical properties: (omitted)(4) homologues of benzene and benzene:A) formula: CnH2n-6 (n = 6); representative:B) structural features: the bond angle of benzene molecule is 120 degrees, the plane regular hexagon structure, 6 C atoms and 6 H atoms coplanar.C) chemical properties:The substitution reaction (HNO3, H2SO4, and bromine)Addition reaction (with H2, Cl2, etc.)(5) alcohols:A) functional group: -OH (alcohol hydroxy group); representative: CH3CH2OH, HOCH2CH2OHB) features: hydroxyl substituted hydrocarbon molecules (or alicyclic molecules, phenyl side chain) product obtained by hydrogen atom. The structure is similar to that of hydrocarbons.C) chemical properties:The substitution of a hydroxyl hydrogen atom by a living metalReaction with halogen acidCatalytic oxidation (alpha -H)The carbon atom directly connected with the functional group is called alpha carbon atom, and the carbon atom adjacent to the alpha carbon atom is called beta carbon atom, and so on. Hydrogen atoms associated with alpha carbon atoms, beta carbon atoms, and. Are called alpha hydrogen atoms, beta hydrogen atoms, and.Esterification reaction (with carboxylic acid or oxygen inorganic acid)(6) aldehydes and ketones(A) functional groups: (or -CHO), (or -CO-); representatives: CH3CHO, HCHO,B) structural features: the bond angles of an aldehyde group or a carbonyl carbon atom are 120 degrees, and the atoms of the carbon atom are in the same plane as the atoms they connect with.C) chemical properties:Addition reaction (hydrogenation, hydrogenation or reduction)Oxidation reaction (reduction of aldehydes)(7) carboxylic acid(A) functional group: (or -COOH); representative: CH3COOHB) structural features: the three bonds of the carbon atom on the carboxyl group have a bond angle of 120 degrees, and the atoms of the carbon atom are in the same plane as the atoms they connect with.C) chemical properties:A common inorganic acidEsterification reaction(8) esters(A) functional group: (or -COOR) (R is a radical); representative: CH3COOCH2CH3B) structural features: bonding conditions similar to those of carboxy carbon atomsC) chemical properties:Hydrolysis reaction (acidic or alkaline condition)(9) amino acid(A) functional groups: -NH2, -COOH; representatives:B) chemical properties: amino acids are acidic and alkaline because they have both the basic group -NH2 and the acidic group -COOH.3. The structure and properties of common saccharides, proteins and oils(1) monosaccharideA) stands for glucose and fructose (C6H12O6)B) the structure features: glucose is polyhydroxy aldehyde and fructose is polyhydroxy ketone(C) chemical properties: 1. Glucose is similar to aldehydes; it can react with silver mirror and react with wood; etc. it has chemical properties of polyhydric alcohols.(2) two sugarA) stands for sucrose and maltose (C12H22O11)B) structure features: sucrose contains a glucose unit and a fructose unit, without aldehyde groups; maltose contains two glucose units and has an aldehyde group.C) chemical properties:There is no reduction of sucrose; maltose has reducibility.Hydrolysis reaction(3) polysaccharides(A) representative: starch, cellulose (C6H10O5), nB) structural features: a natural polymer compound composed of multiple glucose units. The glucose unit in starch contains less than that of cellul