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Rhetoric devices and Trans n修辞和翻译 n杨元刚 英国作家Stephen H. Spender说过 : nSometimes when Im writing ,I saw the music of the words Im trying to shape takes me far beyond the words. n有时,在写作中我感到遣词造句犹如谱写音乐 。这种音乐性对我的吸引远远超过词语本身 。 每课一句:Proverbs and Sayings nNo unadvised industry, no unrewarded self- devotion, no loss of brains in toil. n不要轻率的勤劳,不要作无益的奉献,不要过 分消耗脑力。parallel nWealth is in application of mind to nature; and the art of getting rich consists not in industry, much less in saving, but in a better order, in timeliness, in being at the right spot. n财富用心于自然;致富之术不在于勤劳,更不 在于节俭,而在于更新常规,在于适合时宜, 在于恰逢其会。 nRalph. Waldo. Emerson The phrase/words you may use admit acknowledge confess concede nadmit 指对某些缺陷或其他对自己不利的因素进行认可。 nhe readily admitted his ignorance. 他痛快地承认了自己的无知 acknowledge 通常针对一些意见的认同,承认其真实性。 confess一般表示忏悔性的坦白。 Tom confessed being disloyal to Jerry. 汤姆承认对杰瑞不忠。 concede一般表示认同别人对自己的指责。 I must concede that you were right the other day. 我必须承认那天你做的是对的。 metonymy,转喻转喻 n 转喻是比隐喻metaphor更进一步的比喻,它 根本不说出本体事物,通过相近事物的联想代 替本体事物。本体事物和比喻之间有相近联想 contiguity。例如: n1) The pen is mightier than the sword.文人胜 于武士。(以pen,sword喻指使用这物的人) n2) The buses in America are on strike now.美 国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指 司机drivers)。 n 英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字,除本义外,常可 转借喻人,形象生动,意味隽永。例如: n(3) Mrs Smith is nice but her husband is such a bear that nobody likes him. n史密斯夫人和蔼可亲, 但她丈夫为人粗鲁,脾 气暴躁,谁都不喜欢他(以兽喻人)。 n (4) She is a social butterfly. n她是一个交际花(以虫喻人)。 nEugene.O.Neill: Hairy Ape nA real skirt, a skirt chaser. Antonomasia换称 n一个专有名词,作为一座桥梁,联系不同背景的共同特 征,借助原有的联想,迅速建立新的联想,这在英语修 辞学中就是换称(Antonomasia)和借代(Metonymy )不同之点 。 n在换称中的专有名词通常来自三种渊源:宗教,古代及 当代的历史和文学。而借代中的专有名词则无须具有类 似的起端。比较: n 借代: nUncle Sam( 山姆大叔)-the United States(美国) n Fleet Street(舰队街)-the British press(英国报界 ) n the Pentagon(五角大楼)-U.S Defence Department (美国国防部) nFoggy Bottom(雾谷)-U.S. State Department (美国国务院) n Hollywood(好莱坞)-American film-making industry (美国电影制片业,电影界) n10,Downing Street(唐宁街10号)-the residence and office of the British prime minister(英国首相官邸) 换称: n在换称中的专有名词通常来自三种渊源:宗教 ,古代及当代的历史和文学。 n(1)宗教或神话渊源(biblical or mythological figures) n Solomon(所罗门)a wise man(聪明人 ) n Daniel(但尼尔)a wise and fair judge ( 聪明而公正的法官) n Judas(犹大)a traitor(叛徒) nHercules(赫丘利)a hero of strength and bravery (大力神) (2)历史渊源(historical figures) nthe Rubicon(鲁比肯河)-an irrevocable step (破釜沉舟,无可挽回) nNero(尼禄)a tyrant(暴君) nJohn Wayne(约翰韦恩)a modern figure of a tough man(粗旷型男子汉形象) (3)文学渊源(literary figures) nUncle Tom(汤姆大叔)a Negro who compromises and conforms with the Whites (与白人妥协顺应的黑人) n这三点渊源突出了文化背景在运用换称上的重 要性。 提喻(the synecdoche) 借代 n比喻一定要用一种事物比方另一种事物,无论 明喻、隐喻和转喻都是如此。 n转喻虽然表面上只剩下喻体事物,省去了本体 事物,但仍然是两种事物相比。 n然而提喻只有一种事物,不过没说出该事物原 来的名称,另外借用一个名称来代替它。修辞 中这种“换一个名称”的办法,就是提喻。 n替代的方式可以是人、物互代,部分和全体互 代,单数代复数,描象代替具体或具体代替抽 象等等。例如: n使用借代修辞方式要选用最突出最明显的事物 特征来代替事物名称。借代运用得好,能使语 言表达简洁明快、具体、形象,以避免重复、 累赘,并给人以新鲜感。 n (1)部分全体 nThe river is crowded with masts. 河中帆樯林立 (用船的一部分樯mast代替船boat本身)。 nHe has many mouths to feed in his family. nKeep bread on the table and roof over our heads. n(2)全体部分 nOur second year we attacked Homer.第二年我 们攻读荷马的作品(以人Homer代替其作品)。 nThe surgeon cut me up and took out the appendix and then stitched me up again. n(3)抽象代具体 nAll the wits and learning of the world are assembled there. n(4)具体代抽象 nThere is a mixture of a tiger and ape in the character of a French. Voltaire. 双关语 pun qPUNs are even more subtle forms of word play. They use the technique of similar sounding words or alternative meanings of the same word. q【译文】双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话. 它所使用的技 巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。 qOne swallow does not make a summer, but two swallows do make a fall. 同形异义词(homonym) n英语中有同形异义词(homonym),它是指两 个或两个以上的词的形式(包括发音和拼写) 相同而意义不同这种语言现象。 n汪榕培先生(1983)把同形异义词分为三种类 型,即完全的同形同音异义词、同音异形词和 同形异音词,前二者在修辞学上可以用于双关 语。 n所谓双关语(pun),就是指同形异义词( homonym)或同音异义词(homophone)的 巧妙使用,在特定语境下,一个词或词组可以 有两种完全不同的解释,但在逻辑上有一定关 联(范家材,1997)。 巧问妙答题(intelligence question) nWhen did a blind man see?要求用hammer作 答。 nHe took a hammer and . n(saw)同形同音异义 nWhy do we compare February wind to a pair of scissors? nBecause it brings the blade out. 巧问妙答: n1)利用词义不同,多义词。例如: nWhy is a room full of married people empty? nBecause there is not a single person in it. nWhen is a ship in love? nShe wants a mate. nWhen an apple wanted to fight against a banana, why did the banana run away? nBecause it was yellow. nWhy was Adam a famous runner? nBecause he was the first in the human race. nWhat is the left side of an apple? nThe side you dont eat. nA:I love you from the bottom of my heart. nB: Yea, I know that, but there is still some room for other girls at the top of your heart. 2)利用字面意思和实际词义不同。 n例如: nWhat a kind of clothing lasts the longest? nUnderwear, because its never worn out. nWhich is swifter, heat or cold? n heat, because you can catch a cold. nWhy is a frog never penniless? nBecause it has a green back. nWhy are crows never cowardly? nBecause they never show a white feather. nWhat is the worst weather for mice? nWhen it rains cats and dogs. 3)利用单词谐音
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