. . . . .主体段写作主题句1. 整段话的中心2. 直接支持全文主题3. 宽窄适度，不能言之不尽，也不能无话可说。（要有导向性）4. 主题句必须符合日常逻辑主题句的扩展Do not tell, but show.1. cause and effect arise from stem from Many factors contribute to this phenomenon, among which one essential factor is that _,This follows that_.Consequently, _.Accordingly, _.Thus, _.2. 对比比较法_A_; _B_.Cowards die one hundred times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once._A_, whereas _B_.Those who love beautiful things are deeply asleep whereas those who love beauty are wildly awake._A_, while _B_.The American educational paradigm emphasizes reasoning and logic, while the Chinese educational style emphasizes the ability of memorizing._A_, in violent contrast with B, which/who _._By contrast/In contrast/By comparison/On the contrary, _. _.Socrates/Plato/Aristotle3. 类比法Our bodies are the gardens to which our wills are gardeners._._.(简单的事例).Likewise/Similarly/ In like manner/By the same token, _. (复杂的，自己要论证的话题。)_(复杂的要论证的话题).This is similar to the situation of _,where _.4. 数据论证调查论证_, which is underlined/testified/substantiated by a recent survey,indicating that _.According to a recent survey, _.The result of a recent survey reveals that_/ lends a strong support to the claim that _.5. 举例法普通人事例名人名事literature: William Shakespeare:Renaissance/ Humanity; humanist method /What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason,how infinite in faculties, in form and moving,how express and admirable in action, how like an angel in apprehension,how like a god!George Orwell1984big brother totalitarianismthought police/ censorshipPolitics and English LanguageWilliam Faulkner 福克纳I believe that man will not merely endure:he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. Freud: Conscious/ unconscious (libido)Oedipus ComplexMaslow-Hierarchy of needs Behaviorismstimulus - response -reward habitmentalismintellectualsBertrand Russell:How to Grow OldWhat I Have Lived forThe Problem of ChinaNoam Chomsky: linguist乔姆斯基speak the truth and unveil the lies of the governmentResponsibilities of intellectualsChomsky: Ideas and Ideals (Neil Smith)Socrates/Plato/ AristotleKnow thyselfAcademySocratic dialectic: all the truth can only begained through dialogues; the more youdiscuss with others, the closer you are totruth.Plato is dear to me; but still dearer istruth.deduction/deductive methodinduction/inductive methodscholarman of letterstalentpsychoanalysis假设事例If_Imagine_.Assume _.Suppose, for example, _._, which can be exemplified by the case of _.Numerous scholars could be cited to explain this claim and _ is a case in point.While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally and shed many lights on our understanding of _.A typical illustration involves _.To illustrate this point, let us consider the case of _.6.名言谚语例证(1) 如果名言比较晦涩，应该解释（解释要有倾向性，论证自己观点）(2) 明确说明名言论证了自己的观点。_自己的观点_, which is in line with the remarkof XX, _: _（名言）_.According to XX, _, _ (名言).XX is right in saying that _(名言).As a proverb goes, _ (谚语)This is another way of saying that _（解释名人名言）_.This remark, insightful and thoughtprovoking,indicates that_（解释）_.结尾句：Thus/Therefore/Consequently/Hence,_.This indicates that_.This lends sufficient support to the view that _.cohesion & coherence段落内部和段落之间的衔接手段cohesive & coherent并列: For one thing/ For another On the one hand/ On the other hand递进: Moreover/ In addition/ On top of that/ Furthermore转折: However/Nevertheless/But/Yet类比： Likewise/similarly/ In like manner/Analogously因果: Thus/ Hence/therefore/consequently/accordingly/A direct result will be that _. Following this,_. stem/arise from _让步： having said that that said/ that being said, _分论点发展分层次：individual/ society/ government/ global(international)分情况：a.两分法：适度过度 (极端)（危害：采取措施怎么办）物质精神 (感性理性)主要矛盾次要矛盾 main/chief/majorindividual / society / government 国 家b. 分不同情况考虑分领域：文化教育经济历史学术科技商业政治法律媒体个人行为p47段落之间的承上启下句型In addition to such factors as _ and_, another noteworthy element is that_.Not only _, but also_.It is, in a sense, not difficult to fathom the above dimensions such as _ and _,but one