此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！一辈子也就一次的事！外文标题：The Effectiveness of Government Subsidies on Manufacturing Innovation: Evidence from the New Energy Vehicle Industry in China外文作者：Cailou Jiang , Ying Zhang , Maoliang Bu ， Weishu Liu 文献出处: Sustainability 10(6):1692 May 2019 (如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文4750单词，30798字符(字符就是印刷符)，中文7243汉字。（如果字数多了，可自行删减，大多数学校都是要求选取外文的一部分内容进行翻译的。）The Effectiveness of Government Subsidies on Manufacturing Innovation: Evidence from the New Energy Vehicle Industry in ChinaAbstract: Manufacturing innovation is of strategic importance to China in its effort to reshape future technology. This study explores the impact of government subsidies on the research and development (R&D) intensity of Chinas new energy vehicle (NEV) enterprises. The dynamic relationship between government subsidies and R&D intensity is tested with a panel regression model and a threshold regression model. We find that government subsidies have a significantly positive impact on R&D intensity when considering the sample group as a whole, but market profit does not contribute to R&D intensity. As for the sub-sample, government subsidies have a significantly positive impact on R&D intensity in assembly enterprises but are insignificant in supporting enterprises. Two threshold values are also identified with the logarithm of government subsidy. We find that government subsidies have a significant crowding in effect on the R&D intensity of NEV enterprises. With the increasing of government subsidy, the crowding in effect weakens gradually. The policy implication is that the structure of government subsidies should be optimized. More demand-oriented policy instruments should be adopted to cultivate the market. The government subsidies should be reduced gradually until full withdrawal.Keywords: manufacturing innovation; R&D investment; government subsidies; new energy vehicle enterprises1.IntroductionChina, as a rising power, is attracting increasing global attention 1,2. Along with the rapid development of manufacturing, China also faces serious environmental pollution. As an energy- efficient technology, new energy vehicles (NEVs) are of strategic importance to China in its effort to cope with the deterioration in environmental quality and also to reshape future technology. NEV technology, as with other new technologies, is also facing hurdles such as high research and development (R&D) risks, high initial production costs and market uncertainty 3,4. More than a decade ago, R&D subsidies began to be provided to start NEV technologies in China. The “National High Technology Research and Development Program” (the so-called 863 Program) in 2001 identified NEVs as a priority and began to finance projects in this area. Within two years, about 2 billion Yuan were provided to support research on core technologies, key components, and system integration in three “vertical” and three “horizontal” NEV programs 5 (three “verticals” refer to hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles; three “horizons” refer to battery, electronic motor and electronic control). Over the next 10 years, most of the leading Chinese auto companies entered the NEV industry and received R&D subsidies from the program.In addition to R&D support, many government subsidies were offered with the aims of cutting production costs and speeding up the popularization of NEVs. In the “Automotive Industry Readjustment and Revitalization Plan” of 2009, and the “12th Five-Year Development Plan for the Auto Industry (20112015)”, Chinese central government subsidies were offered in order to increase NEV production capacity. Enterprises producing key parts of NEV would be subsidized by central government via “The Guideline Catalog for Industrial Restructuring” issued by the State Council in 2011. To accelerate the diffusion of NEVs, a large-scale demonstration project for NEVs called “1000 Vehicles in 10 Cities” was implemented in 2009. In the mid of 2010, the government announced subsidies for the private consumer market in a “Notice on Subsidies for Private Purchases of New Energy Vehicles”. With all these efforts, China has possessed the largest production capacity and sale volume of NEVs in the world since 2015.Despite the booming sales of NEVs, the actual efficiency of government subsidies has garnered some controversy. Government subsidies are turning into “Tangs monk meat”, as some NEV enterprises defrauded the government with forged production figures (on 20 December 2016, four new energy vehicle companies in China were penalized by the Ministry of Industry and Information for cheating on government subsidies). There is anxiety about whether government subsidies are deviating from their original intention, which is aimed at promoting core technology competencies. To address this question, this study examines the impact of government subsidie