Unit 3 Grammar and usage,Objectives,To review adverbial clauses that express time, place, reason, condition, purpose, result, manner, concession or contrast To learn which conjunctions can be used to introduce each clause,语法讲解建议采用归纳法，如尽可能多的呈现一些相关例句，或可让学生从已学课文中找相应例句，引导学生试着从所观察到的语言现象中总结出语言规则和语法规律。,Can you tell what the following sentences express? Before the Revolution, there had been great unrest in France because people had no freedom and were suffering from hunger. Blue stands for liberty and justice, while white represents peace and honesty. When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise.,expressing reason,expressing contrast,expressing time,In a salute to the French and their revolution, many countries have chosen to use the same colours in their flags as the French did. Even though they lived in colonies, the Americans had been used to autonomous rule and low taxes. The most common one is that red stands for blood, or things that are physical, while white represents the spiritual.,expressing concession,expressing concession,expressing contrast,状语从句 （Adverbial Clause） 状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。,状语从句概述,时间状语从句 (adverbial clauses of time) Adverbial clauses of time can be introduced by when, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, etc： When we lived in town we often went to the theatre. After she got married, she changed completely. We must strike while the iron is hot. It was a long time before I got to sleep again. As the sun rose the fog dispersed.,I havent heard from him since he left. Whenever she had a cold, she ate only fruit. Once you have learned Spanish, you will find Italian easy. Sometimes, adverbial clauses of time can be introduced by a noun or noun phrase. Every time/Each time I listen to music Ill think of it. I came immediately you called. The moment I heard the news, I hurried to the spot.,地点状语从句 (adverbial clauses of place) An adverbial clause of place is usually introduced by where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere： The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. You can camp wherever you like these days. Ill take you anywhere you like. Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.,原因状语从句 (adverbial clauses of reason) An adverbial clause of reason can be introduced by because, as, since, now (that) or in that: He was angry because we were late. As the soup was very salty, we were thirsty afterwards. Since you are going, I will go. He was fortunate in that he did not get injured in the car accident.,条件状语从句 (adverbial clauses of condition) An adverbial clause of condition can be introduced by if, unless, so long as, as long as or in case. If you do that I shall be very pleased. Nobody will get anything unless they ask for it. You will make it as long as you put your heart into it. He took a spoonful and tasted it in case it was hot.,目的状语从句 (adverbial clauses of purpose) We use so (that), in order that, lest, for fear that to introduce an adverbial clause of purpose. I have given him a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes. They risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. He didnt dare to leave the house lest someone should recognize him. We often use modal verbs like may, might, can or could in them.,结果状语从句 (adverbial clauses of result) An adverbial clause of result can be introduced by so that, sothat, suchthat. We arrived early, so (that) we got good seats. It was so dark that he couldnt see the faces of his companies. There was such a lot of rain (that) we couldnt go out. So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day. (倒装),方式状语从句 (adverbial clauses of manner) An adverbial clause of manner is usually introduced by as, as if/though, like. I am as you can imagine short of money. She cant cook like her mother does. I remember the whole thing as if/though it happened yesterday.,让步状语从句 (adverbial clauses of concession) We often use although, though, even though/if, whetheror, no matter who/what/ where, to introduce adverbial clauses of concession. Though he does it slowly, he does it very well. Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed. I will find her wherever she may be. Whatever you may think, Im going ahead with my plans. Sometimes we use as in the inverted sentence order to express concession. Much as l like Venice, I couldnt live there.,比较状语从句 (adverbial clauses of contrast) An adverbial clause of contrast is usually introduced by than or as： You sing better than I do. It is easier than I thought. You know as much about that as I do. 在很多情况下，从句中有些词可省略： He has more time than me (I have). He doesnt work as hard as her (she does). She was as interested in music as ever.,课本练习,Fill in the blanks with the words below.,when, as though, no matter what as, since, unless, if,Eric: When I was in kindergarten, my teacher told us that we could become anything _