Chapter One (第一章)International Economics Is Different(国际经济学是一门独特的学科)1. Four Controversies (四个有争议的事件)（1）Imports of Automobile Tires （汽车轮胎的进口）（2）Immigration （移民）（3）Chinas Exchange Rate (中国的汇率)（4）Global Financial and Economic Crisis （全球金融和经济危机）2.Economics and the nation-state（经济学和国家政府）Nations are sovereign (国家是主权独立的)Nobody is in charge of the whole world economy(没有人可以掌控整个世界经济)Nations have their separate policies(国家拥有独立的政策)（1）Factor mobility（要素流动性）（2）Different fiscal policies（不同的财政政策）（3）Different moneys（不同的货币）Part One: The Theory of International Trade(第一篇：国际贸易理论 第二章至第七章)Chapter Two (第二章)The basic theory using demand and supply（需求与供给的基本理论）1.Four Key Questions About International Trade(贸易的四个重要问题)2.Demand and supply(需求与供给)(1)Demand and Consumer surplus（需求与消费者剩余）Price of elasticity of demand（需求价格弹性）The percent change in quantity demanded of a product caused by a one percent increase in the price of this product（产品价格上升一个百分点所引起的该产品需求数量的百分比变化）注意：需求曲线越平坦，说明越具有价格弹性Consumer surplus（消费者剩余）The difference between the value that consumers place on the units of the product that they buy and the payment that they make to obtain these units.（消费者在每单位产品上愿意支付的价格与获得这些产品实际支付的价格之间的差额）（2）Supply and producer surplus(供给与生产者剩余)Price of elasticity of supply（P20）Supply surplus (figure 2.1)(P22)3. Two national markets and the opening of trade（两国的市场与贸易的开展）（1）Free Trade Equilibrium （自由贸易均衡）What will happen when US trade with the rest of country?Buy low and sell high - arbitrage（套利）Note: one dollar, one-vote metric (一元一票制)（2）Which country gains more?（哪个国家获益更多）The country that experiences the larger price change has a larger value of the net gains from trade (经历较大价格变化的国家从贸易中获得较大的净收益)Chapter Three (第三章)Why Everybody Trades：Comparative Advantage(为什么开展贸易：比较优势)1. Adam smiths theory of absolute advantage （斯密的绝对优势理论）（1）Mercantilism （重商主义）（P35）（2）The theory of absolute advantage Every country will focus on producing what it does best and exports it。(各国将集中力量生产它最擅长的产品并出口它) How to measure “best” ? Labor productivity：劳动生产率 The number of units of output that a worker can produce in one hour。 Or the number of hours that it takes a worker to produce one unit of output。 The basis of trade （贸易的基础）There is a basis for beneficial trade if countries have an absolute advantage(如果一国具有绝对优势那么从事贸易是有利的)2.Ricardos Theory of comparative advantage（李嘉图的比较优势理论）（1）The main views （主要观点）Ricardo focused on labor productivity (or resource productivity more generally) for different products in different countries.The principle of comparative advantage : A country will export products that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import products that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost.Basis for trade:Relative differences in labor (resource) productivity.（2）Concepts （概念）Opportunity cost （机会成本）Producing more of a product in a country is the amount of production of the other product that is give up.(一国某种产品多生产一单位是其它产品所放弃的生产数量)Relative price （相对价格）3.Ricardos constant costs and the production-possibility curve (ppc)（1）PPC under constant costs （固定成本下的生产可能性曲线）A curve that shows all possible combinations of amounts of different products that an economy can produce, with full employment of its resources and maximum feasible productivity of those resources。（一个经济体在资源充分就业以及资源生产率最大化条件下能够生产的不同产品数量的各种组合的曲线）（2）Constant productivity （P41） The marginal or opportunity cost of each good is constant in each country.(3)Ricardos conclusionEach country then specializes in producing only the good in which it has a comparative advantage.(各国仅仅专业化生产自身具有比较优势的产品)（4）Equilibrium international price ratio(国际均衡价格比率)Must fall within the range of the two price ratios that prevailed in each country before trade began.(必定位于贸易开始前两国产品的相对价格比率的区间内)2.1=international price of cloth =0.67(bushel/yard)0.5=international price of wheat=1.5(yard/bushel)Chapter Four (第四章)Trade：Factor availability and factor proportions are key（贸易：要素可获取性和要素比例是关键）Review：回顾前几章 the bases of trade（贸易的基础）First，the differences in the demands for products in different countries(第一，不同国家产品的需求差异)Second，the differences in technologies or resource productivities can create comparative advantage(第二，产生比较优势的技术或资源生产率的差异)Third，the differences in factor availability are a source of comparative advantage（第三，产生比较优势的要素可获取性的差异）（本章重点）1. Production with increasing marginal costs （边际成本递增下的生产）（1）Increasing marginal cost P50As one industry expands its production quantity, increasing amounts of other products must be given up to get each extra unit of the expanding industrys product(2)Is it straight line as constant cost?(固定成本的PPC线是一条直线吗？)Production possibilities curve under increasing costs is bowed out (边际成本递增下的生产可能性曲线是凸向原点的形状)(3)What production combination is actually chosen?（如何选择实际的生产组合）l Specialization on only one product in constant cost case.（在固定成本情形下只