此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！一辈子也就一次的事！外文标题：Passenger comfort on high-speed trains: effect of tunnel noise on the subjective assessment of pressure variations外文作者：Sandra Sanok, Franco Mendolia, Martin Wittkowski, Daniel Rooney, Matthias Putzke & Daniel Aeschbach文献出处: Ergonomics, 2018 ,Vol. 58, No. 6, 10221031, (如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文4985单词，31471字符(字符就是印刷符)，中文7696汉字。（如果字数多了，可自行删减，大多数学校都是要求选取外文的一部分内容进行翻译的。）Passenger comfort on high-speed trains: effect of tunnel noise on the subjective assessment of pressure variationsWhen passing through a tunnel, aerodynamic effects on high-speed trains may impair passenger comfort. These variations in atmospheric pressure are accompanied by transient increases in sound pressure level. To date, it is unclear whether the latter influences the perceived discomfort associated with the variations in atmospheric pressure. In a pressure chamber of the DLR-Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 71 participants (M 28.3 years 8.1 SD) rated randomised pressure changes during two conditions according to a crossover design. The pressure changes were presented together with tunnel noise such that the sound pressure level was transiently elevated by either 6 dB (low noise condition) or 12 dB (high noise condition) above background noise level (65 dB(A). Data were combined with those of a recent study, in which identical pressure changes were presented without tunnel noise (Schwanitz et al., 2013, Pressure Variations on a Train Where is the Threshold to Railway Passenger Discomfort? Applied Ergonomics 44 (2): 200-209). Exposure-response relationships for the combined data set comprising all three noise conditions show that pressure discomfort increases with the magnitude and speed of the pressure changes but decreases with increasing tunnel noise.Practitioner Summary: In a pressure chamber, we systematically examined how pressure discomfort, as it may be experienced by railway passengers, is affected by the presence of tunnel noise during pressure changes. It is shown that across three conditions (no noise, low noise ( 6 dB), high noise ( 12 dB) pressure discomfort decreases with increasing tunnel noise.Keywords: passenger comfort; high-speed train; tunnel; pressure variations; sound pressure level1.IntroductionNowadays, beside the desire to travel safe and fast, passengers expect from a journey to be comfortable (Oborne and Clarke 1973; Suzuki 1998). Whereas some authors regard comfort and discomfort as two ends of a continuum (Jacobson and Richards 1976; Richards 1980; Richards, Jacobson, and Kuhlthau 1978; Shackel, Chidsey, and Shipley 1969), others state that these concepts are rather discontinuous (Helander and Zhang 1997; Zhang, Helander, and Drury 1996). According to Vink and Hallbeck (2012), comfort is a relaxed feeling of a human being due to the environment, whereas discomfort means an unpleasant state of the human body as a reaction to the physical surroundings. This last-mentioned definition of discomfort serves as the working definition hereinafter.Notwithstanding this lack of a common definition, the striving of ergonomists is to meet the desires of the passenger to avoid discomfort, stress or pain. On a high-speed train, passengers may feel discomfort due to pressure variations, especially while passing through tunnels (McClelland and Gawthorpe 1986). Unlike aboard airplanes, where pressure changes occur gradually, pressure changes on a train take place more rapidly. Particularly on railway lines with high tunnel frequencies, rapid pressure changes may lead to difficulties in pressure equalisation for passengers. These aerodynamic effects are more severe for poorly sealed trains, high speeds, large differences in ground-level heights and small tunnel cross sections (Gawthorpe 2000). New guidelines of the Federal Railway Authority (Eisenbahnbundesamt 2008) regarding tunnel construction in Germany will lead to smaller cross sections and therefore to a higher extent of pressure variations. Thus, an examination of the impact of pressure variations on railway passenger discomfort seemed to be a relevant issue.Hence, the impact of pressure change parameters on the level of discomfort was examined by Schwanitz et al. (2013) whose major findings are briefly reviewed within the last paragraph of the introduction.Likewise, passing through a tunnel is always accompanied by changes in the acoustical surroundings. The sound pressure level increases as sound waves are reflected from the walls. Acoustical measurements inside the Korea Train Express, for instance, revealed a difference of about 57 dB between open field and the inside of a tunnel (Choi et al. 2004). The increase in sound pressure levels inside tunnels is due to poor sound insulation higher for older rolling stock than for newer trains. High-speed trains like the German Intercity Express (ICE), however, are equipped with goo