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(4)数词、冠词考点集汇,讲解和训练四、冠词和数词【考点直击】1.不定冠词a与an的用法2.定冠词the的用法3.零冠词4.基数词的用法5.序数词的用法【名师点睛】一. 冠词的用法冠词是虚词,放在名词之前,用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。A(an)叫不定冠词,the叫定冠词。A用在辅音之前,an用在元音之前。1. 不定冠词的用法(1) a和an均用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物。例如:John is a student. Mary is an English teacher.(2) 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如:A steel worker makes steel. Pass me an apple, please.(3) 指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或和物。例如:A student wants to see you. A girl is waiting for you outside.(4) 表示每一的意思,相当于every。例如:Take the medicine three times a day.They go to see their parents once a week.2. 定冠词用法(1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。例如:The book on the desk is an English dictionary. Beijing is the capital of China.(2) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。例如:Open the door, please. Jack is in the library.(3) 上文提到过的人或事物。例如:Yesterday Johns father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。例如:Shanghai is the biggest city in China. January is the first month of the year.(6) 用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物。例如:The nurse is kind to the sick.We should take good care of the old.(7) 用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如:the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。(8) 用在姓氏复数之前,表示某某一家人,某某夫妇。例如:the Browns, the whites等。3. 不用冠词的情况(1) 某些专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如:China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love等。(2) 名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时,不用冠词。例如:That is my cap. I have some questions. Go down this street.(3) 复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。They are workers. We are students.(4) 称呼语前不用冠词,表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例如:I dont feel well today, Mother. Bush was made president of the U.S.(5) 三餐饭的名称前,球类活动,学科和节目名词前,常不用冠词。例如:I have lunch at home. He often plays football after class.We have English and maths every day.(6) 在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。例如:By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。二. 数词的用法数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目,序数词表示顺序。1. 基数词的用法(1) 基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语,例如: Thirty of them are Party members.(主语) - How many would you like? - Three ,please(作宾语) The nine boys are from Tianjing.(定语) Six plus four is ten.(表语) We four will go with you.(同位语)(2) 表示一个具体数字时,hundred, thousand, million一律不用复数;在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如:Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.There are three thousand students in our school.After the war, thousands of people became homeless.Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world. They arrived in twos and threes (3) 表示.十的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代,例如:He is in his early thirties He died still in his forties This took place in 1930s(4) 表示时刻用基数词。例如:We get up at six. The workers begin work at eight.表示几点过几分,用介词past,但须在半小时以内。例如:ten past ten, a quarter past nine, half past twelve表示几点差几分用介词to, 但分数须在半小时以上。例如:twenty to nine, five to eight, a quarter to ten表示几点几分还可直接用基数词。例如:seven fifteen, eleven thirty, nine twenty2. 序数词的用法 (1)序数词主要用作定语,前面要加定冠词,例如: The first truck is carrying a foot baskets John lives on the fifteenth floor (2)序数词有时前面可加不定冠词来表示再一,又一这样的意思,例如: Well have to do it a second timeShall I ask him a third time? When I sat down,a fourth man rose to speak(3)由几个序数词和基数词在拼写时不对应,很容易写错,应特别注意。它们是:one-first, two-second, three-third, five-fifth, eight-eighth, nine-ninth, twelve-twelfth。(4)表示年,月,日时, 年用基数词表示,日用序数词表示。例如:1949年十月一日读作: October (the) first, nineteen sixty2004年九月十日读作:September (the) tenth, two thousand and four(5)表示分数时,分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时,分母加-s。例如:three fourths,one second,two fifths(6)序数词有时用缩写形式:first1st second2nd third3rd fourth4th twenty-second22nd(5)代词考点集汇,讲解和训练五、代词【考点直击】1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法;2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法;3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法;4 常见不定代词的一般用法;5. 指示代词的一般用法,并了解其在上下文中的指代用法;6. 相互代词的基本用法;7. 疑问代词的基本用法。8. 关系代词的基本用法。【名师点睛】 代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。一. 人称代词1.人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。主格宾格第一人称单数I 我me我复数we 我们us 我们第二人称单数you 你you 你复数you 你们you你们第三人称单数he 他him他she 她her她it 它it它复数they他们、她们、它们 them 他们、她们、它们2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语,宾格作宾语。如: I like table tennis. (作主语)Do you know him?(作宾语)3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如:-Whos is knocking at the door?-Its me.4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时,用主格和宾格都可以。如:He is older than me.He is older than I am.二. 物主代词1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如下表所示。物主代词形容词型名词型单数第一人称mymine第二人称youryours第三人称hishisherhersitsits复数第一人称ourours第二人称youryours第三人称theirtheirs2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。例如: Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box.3. 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词,在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语)
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