BIOSENSOR Generalprinciplesandapplications JayantiTokas PhD1 RubinaBegumPhD1 ShaliniJain PhD2andHariomYadav PhD2 1DepartmentofBiotechnology JMIT Radaur India 2NIDDK NationalInstituteofHealth Bethesda MD20892 USAEmail yadavhariom WhatisaBiosensor Biosensor Anydevicethatusesspecificbiochemicalreactionstodetectchemicalcompoundsinbiologicalsamples CurrentDefinition Asensorthatintegratesabiologicalelementwithaphysiochemicaltransducertoproduceanelectronicsignalproportionaltoasingleanalytewhichisthenconveyedtoadetector ComponentsofaBiosensor Detector FatheroftheBiosensor ProfessorLelandCClarkJnr1918 2005 1916Firstreportonimmobilizationofproteins adsorptionofinvertaseonactivatedcharcoal1922FirstglasspHelectrode1956Clarkpublishedhisdefinitivepaperontheoxygenelectrode 1962Firstdescriptionofabiosensor anamperometricenzymeelectrodreforglucose Clark 1969GuilbaultandMontalvo Firstpotentiometricbiosensor ureaseimmobilizedonanammoniaelectrodetodetecturea1970Bergveld ionselectiveFieldEffectTransistor ISFET 1975LubbersandOpitzdescribedafibre opticsensorwithimmobilisedindicatortomeasurecarbondioxideoroxygen HistoryofBiosensors 1975Firstcommercialbiosensor YellowspringsInstrumentsglucosebiosensor 1975Firstmicrobebasedbiosensor Firstimmunosensor1976Firstbedsideartificialpancreas Miles 1980FirstfibreopticpHsensorforinvivobloodgases Peterson 1982Firstfibreoptic basedbiosensorforglucose1983Firstsurfaceplasmonresonance SPR immunosensor1984Firstmediatedamperometricbiosensor ferroceneusedwithglucoseoxidaseforglucosedetection HistoryofBiosensors 1987Blood glucosebiosensorlaunchedbyMediSenseExacTech1990SPRbasedbiosensorbyPharmaciaBIACore1992Handheldbloodbiosensorbyi STAT1996LaunchingofGlucocard1998BloodglucosebiosensorlaunchbyLifeScanFastTake1998RocheDiagnosticsbyMergerofRocheandBoehringermannheimCurrentQuantomdots nanoparicles nanowire nanotube etc HistoryofBiosensors 1 LINEARITYLinearityofthesensorshouldbehighforthedetectionofhighsubstrateconcentration 2 SENSITIVITYValueoftheelectroderesponsepersubstrateconcentration 3 SELECTIVITYChemicalsInterferencemustbeminimisedforobtainingthecorrectresult 4 RESPONSETIMETimenecessaryforhaving95 oftheresponse BasicCharacteristicsofaBiosensor Biosensor 1 TheAnalyte Whatdoyouwanttodetect Molecule Protein toxin peptide vitamin sugar metalion 2 Samplehandling Howtodelivertheanalytetothesensitiveregion Micro fluidics Concentrationincrease decrease Filtration selection Biosensor 4 Signal Howdoyouknowtherewasadetection 3 Detection Recognition Howdoyouspecificallyrecognizetheanalyte Biosensor Exampleofbiosensors PregnancytestDetectsthehCGproteininurine Glucosemonitoringdevice fordiabetespatients Monitorstheglucoselevelintheblood Exampleofbiosensors InfectousdiseasebiosensorfromRBS Oldtimecoalminers biosensor ResearchBiosensors BiacoreBiosensorplatform FluorescenceDNAMicroarraySPRSurfaceplasmonresonanceImpedancespectroscopySPM Scanningprobemicroscopy AFM STM QCM Quartzcrystalmicrobalance SERS SurfaceEnhancedRamanSpectroscopy Electrochemical TypicalSensingTechniquesforBiosensors TypesofBiosensors CalorimetricBiosensorPotentiometricBiosensorAmperometricBiosensorOpticalBiosensorPiezo electricBiosensor Piezo ElectricBiosensors Thechangeinfrequencyisproportionaltothemassofabsorbedmaterial Piezo electricdevicesusegoldtodetectthespecificangleatwhichelectronwavesareemittedwhenthesubstanceisexposedtolaserlightorcrystals suchasquartz whichvibrateundertheinfluenceofanelectricfield ElectrochemicalBiosensors Forappliedcurrent Movementofe inredoxreactionsdetectedwhenapotentialisappliedbetweentwoelectrodes PotentiometricBiosensor Forvoltage Changeindistributionofchargeisdetectedusingion selectiveelectrodes suchaspH meters OpticalBiosensors ColorimetricforcolorMeasurechangeinlightadsorptionPhotometricforlightintensityPhotonoutputforaluminescentorfluorescentprocesscanbedetectedwithphotomultipliertubesorphotodiodesystems CalorimetricBiosensors Iftheenzymecatalyzedreactionisexothermic twothermistorsmaybeusedtomeasurethedifferenceinresistancebetweenreactantandproductand hence theanalyteconcentration ElectrochemicalDNABiosensor StepsinvolvedinelectrochemicalDNAhybridizationbiosensors FormationoftheDNArecognitionlayerActualhybridizationeventTransformationofthehybridizationeventintoanelectricalsignal Motivatedbytheapplicationtoclinicaldiagnosisandgenomemutationdetection TypesDNABiosensors ElectrodesChipsCrystals DNAbiosensor WearableBiosensors RingSensor SmartShirt BiosensorsontheNanoscale Molecularsheathsaroundthenanotubearedevelopedthatrespondtoaparticularchemicalandmodulatethenanotube sopticalproperties Alayerofolfactoryproteinsonananoelectrodereactwithlow concentrationodorants SPOT NOSEDProject Doctorscanusetodiagnosediseasesatearlierstages Nanospherelithography NSL derivedtriangularAgnanoparticlesareusedtodetectstreptavidindowntoonepicomolarconcentrations TheSchoolofBiomedicalEngineeringhasdevelopedananti bodybasedpiezoelectricnanobiosensortobeusedforanthrax HIVhepatitisdetection PotentialApplications ClinicaldiagnosticsFoo