1 Chapter5 Semantics语义学 2 Semantics thestudyoflanguagemeaning 语义学是对语言意义的研究 Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication 意义是研究交际的核心内容 Whatismeaning Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning 3 Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning Namingtheory Plato 命名论Theconceptualistview概念论Contextualism Bloomfield 语境论Behaviorism行为主义论 4 Namingtheory Plato 命名论 Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings 词语只是代表物体的名字或标记 Limitations 1 Applicabletonounsonly 2 Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld e g ghost dragon unicorn phenix 3 Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions e g joy impulse hatred 5 Theconceptualistview概念论 Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto i e betweenlanguageandtherealworld rather intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind 语言学形式和所指之间 即语言和现实世界之间 没有直接联系 而在对意义的解释中 形式和所指是通过思维概念彼此联系 6 OgdenandRichards semantictriangle奥格登和理查兹的语义三角 Symbol form 符号 形式 word phrase sentence Referent 所指 objectintheworldofexperience Thought reference concept 思想 指称 7 TheTheoryofReference Words Meaning Words name or referto things PlatonicWords Concepts Things Ogden Richardsthought concept imagesymbolizesreferstosymbolreferent word standsfor object 8 airplane 9 Thesymbolorawordsignifies things byvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeakerofthelanguage andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword 用符号或单词表示物体是通过言语者思维中单词的形式与概念联系起来实现的 从这个观点看 概念就是单词的意义 OgdenandRichards semantictriangle奥格登和理查兹的语义三角 10 Contextualism 语境论 Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation use context elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior 意义应当从场景 运用 语境这些与语言行为紧密相联的成分的角度来进行研究 Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized Situationalcontext linguisticsituation场景语境和语言语境 11 Linguisticcontext sometimesknownasco text isconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword sco occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword andalsowiththepartoftextthatprecedesandfollowsaparticularutterance 语言语境有时也称为互文 它所涉及的是一个词与另一个词共现或搭配构成该词的部分意义的可能性 而且语境也涉及某一特定话语之前和之后的语境部分 12 Forexample black inblackhair ThepresidentoftheUnitedStates canmeaneitherthepresidentorpresidencyindifferentsituation Thesealcouldnotbefound 13 Behaviorism 行为主义论 Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer 在特定情境下 说话人的话语在听话人身上引起的反应 ThestoryofJackandJill JillJackS r s R 14 Lexicalmeaning词汇意义 Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning 意义和指称是在词义研究中经常遇到的两个术语 它们是意义的两个相关但不相同的方面 15 Sense isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform itisabstractandde contextualized Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin 意义指的是语言形式的内在意义 它是语言形式所有特征的集合 是抽象的 而且与语境无关 是词典编纂者所感兴趣的方面 16 Reference whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal physicalworld itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon linguisticworldofexperience 指称意指语言形式在现实的物质世界中所指的事物 它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系 17 Note Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations ontheotherhand therearealsooccasions whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense e g themorningstarandtheeveningstar Venus金星 启明星 在西边时是eveningstar在东边时是morningstarrisingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk 18 Majorsenserelations主要的意义关系 Synonymy同义Antonymy反义Polysemy一词多义Homonymy同音异义Hyponymy下义关系 19 Synonymy同义现象 Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms 同义现象是指意义的相同或极为相近 意义相近的词称为同义词1 Dialectalsynonyms 方言同义词 synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects e g autumn fall biscuit cracker petrol gasoline 20 buy purchasethrifty economical stingyautumn fallflat apartmenttube underground2 Stylisticsynonyms 文体同义词 synonymsdifferinginstyle e g kid child offspring start begin commence 21 Synonymy 3 Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning e g collaborator accomplice 情感和评价意义不同的同义词4 Collocationalsynonyms 搭配同义词 e g accuse of charge with rebuke for 5 Semanticallydifferentsynonyms e g amaze astound 语义不同的同义词 22 Polysemy多义现象 Polysemy thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning e g table maymean ApieceoffurnitureAllthepeopleseatedatatableThefoodthatisputonatableAthinflatpieceofstone metalwood etc Orderlyarrangementoffacts figures etc 23 Homonymy同音异义 Homonymy thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform e g differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling orinboth 同音异义是指不同意义的词拥有相同的形式 即不同的词在发音或者拼写上一样 或者两者都一样 Homophone 同音异义词 whentwowordsareidenticalinsound e g rain reign night knight 24 Homogragh 同形异义词 whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling e g tear n tear v lead n lead v Completehomonym 完全同音异义词 whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling e g ball bank watch scale fast 25 Note Apolysemicwordistheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword theetymologyoftheword whilecompletehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence 一个多义词是其基本意义 词源 发展的结果 它的各种意义在某种程度上是相互关联的 26 Hyponymy下义关系 Hyponymy the