Chapter6Pragmatics 1 Contents IntroductionMicropragmatics Reference指称 Deixis指示 Anaphora回指 Presupposition预设MacropragmaticsSpeechActTheoryTheCooperativePrincipleThePolitenessPrinciple 2 6 1Introduction Youneedtoknow thedefinitionofpragmatics thedifferencesbetweengrammaticalanalysisandpragmaticanalysis 3 TodayisSunday 4 definitionofpragmatics thestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication thestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication 5 thedifferencesbetweengrammaticalanalysisandpragmaticanalysis rules principlesproducts processes 6 6 2Micropragmatics Reference Deixis Anaphora Presupposition 7 6 2 1Reference a Whereisthefreshsaladsitting b He ssittingbythedoor a CanIlookatyourShakespeare b Sure it sontheshelfoverthere Youneedtoknowinference processreference theact 8 6 2 2Deixis Youneedtoknow definitionofdeixis fivetypesofdeixis 9 definitionofdeixis 10 fivetypesofdeixis PersondeixisTimedeixisSpacedeixisDiscoursedeixisSocialdeixis 11 6 2 3Anaphora Youneedtoknow definitionofanaphora antecedent anaphor indirectanaphoraanddirectanaphora 12 6 2 4Presupposition Youneedtoknow definitionofpresupposition presuppositiontriggers examplesofpresuppositiontriggers 13 6 3 1Speechacttheory言语行为理论 illocutionaryactsclassificationofillocutionaryactsindirectspeechacts 14 SpeechactsisatermderivedfromtheworkofthephilosopherJ L Austin 1962 andnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesinrelationtothebehaviorofthespeakerandthehearerininterpersonalcommunication Itaimstoanswerthequestion Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage 15 6 3 1 1Illocutionaryacts言外行为 Youneedtoknow definitionofspeechacts performativesentences felicityconditions threekindsofacts 言语行为三分说 16 SomebasicnotionsinPragmatics ContextPragmaticsvs semanticsSentencemeaningvs utterancemeaningCorrectnessvs appropriateness 17 Context Context abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer suchasculturalbackground situation time place manner etc therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer etc 18 Pragmaticsvs semantics Semantics isthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence withouttakingcontextintoconsideration Pragmatics thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker takingcontextintoconsideration e g TodayisSunday semantically itmeansthattodayisthefirstdayoftheweek pragmatically youcanmeanalotbysayingthis alldependingonthecontextandtheintentionofthespeaker say makingasuggestionorgivinganinvitation 19 Sentencemeaningvs utterancemeaning Sentencemeaning Abstractandcontext independentmeaning literalmeaningofasentence havingadyadicrelationasin WhatdoesXmean utterancemeaning concreteandcontext dependentmeaning intendedmeaningofaspeaker havingatriadicrelationasin WhatdidyoumeanbyX 20 Forexample Thebagisheavy canmean abagbeingheavy sentencemeaning anindirect politerequest askingthehearertohelphimcarrythebag thespeakerisdecliningsomeone srequestforhelp Note Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonthesentencemeaning itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication orsimplyinacontext utterancemeaningisricherthansentencemeaning itisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence 21 Correctnessvs appropriateness Johnplaygolf grammaticallyincorrect GolfplayedJohn logicallyincorrect butitmightbeappropriatepragmaticallyincertaincontext Note Pragmaticscanmakesenseoutofnonsense givenasuitablecontext Appropriatenessisveryimportantinlinguisticcommunication especiallyincross culturalcommunication Ifyousaysomethinggrammaticallyincorrect youareatworsecondemnedas speakingbadly but ifyousaysomethinginappropriately youwillbejudgedas behavingbadly suchasinsincere untruthful ordeceitful Thomas 1983 22 Speechacttheory 23 Twotypesofutterances Constatives 叙述句 statementsthateitherstateordescribe andarethusverifiable Performatives 施为句 sentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate andarenotverifiable Note Sometimestheyareeasytogetconfused e g Itisrainingoutside canbeaconstative andalsoaperformative forbyutteringsuchasentence wemaynotonlystateafact butinvolveintheactofinformingsomeoneabouttherain 24 SomeExamplesofPerformatives Ido InamethisshipElizabeth Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow Ideclarethemeetingopen 25 Austin snewmodelofspeechacts AccordingtoAustin snewmodel aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking locutionaryact illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact Thelocutionaryact anactofsayingsomething i e anactofmakingameaningfulutterance literalmeaningofanutterance Theillocutionaryact anactperformedinsayingsomething insayingX IwasdoingY theintentionofthespeakerwhilespeaking Theperlocutionaryact anactperformedasaresultofsayingsomething bysayingXanddoingY IdidZ 26 Forexample Itiscoldinhere Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaningtheweatherisclodinhere Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestoftheheartoshutthewindow Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusaltocomplywitht