英汉句式差异 I 英语语言特点 树形结构 从两种语言的句子结构来分析 不少语言学家都注意到 英语的造句犹如树形结构 先有主干 主谓句 然后利用各种时态关系以及关系代词 介词和连词等把短语 从句往这个主干上挂 句子呈空间发展 形成大树 BecauseofthisEnglishbackgroundofcivilconflict English speakingAmerica wheretherewerenoreligiouswar isoftendescribedasalandofrefugetowhichmenandwomencameinordertoenjoythereligiousandpoliticalfreedomwhichwasdeniedthemintheirhomeland 在Americaisoftendescribedasalandofrefuge这个主干上 生出这么多的短句 从句的树枝 而汉语就没有那么丰富的关系代词 关系副词和时态的优势 句子结构只能呈竹竿型 按时间顺序一句一句直线前进 英国国内内战不断 在这种背景下 美洲就成了人们描述的流亡的乐土 因为美洲没有宗教战争 又是讲英语的 人们来到这里追求宗教和政治自由 而这些自由在他们国家里是得不到的 1a NankingissituatedamidstoneofChina smostsplendidnaturalsettings ItsitsinabasinformedbytheYangtzeRiverontheNorthandtheTsechenMountainsontheotherside 1b NankingsitsamidstoneofChina smostsplendidnaturalsettings inabasinsurroundedbytheYangtzeRiverontheNorthandtheTsechenMountainsontheotherside 两个平行句变成了一句 压缩了12 2a Beijingzooliesinwesternsuburbnearmyhome ItisthebiggestzooinChina TheBeijingzooattractsalotofpeopleespeciallychildren 2b ThebiggestzooinChina Beijingzoo inthewesternsuburbnearmyhome attractsmanypeopleeveryday especiallychildren 三个平行句变成了一句 压缩了29 Exercise 3a Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse ThenameoftheparkisTian TanPark whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing TheTian TanParkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell 4a Thepressureofcompetitionismounting Theexpectationoftheirparentsishigh Somanystudentshavetodrivethemselveshard 5a TherearemanyadvantagesofTVeducationalprograms Oneofthemisthatthereisnolimittothenumberofviewers TVviewerscanlearndifferentsubjects BecausethesubjectsrangedfromEnglishtolaw Key 3b NearmyhousestandTian Tan thebiggestparkinBeijing builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness 4b Withthemountingpressureofcompetitioncoupledwiththehighexpectationoftheirparents manystudentshavetodrivethemselveshard 5b OneoftheadvantagesoftheTVeducationalprogramsisthatthereisnolimittothenumberofviewerswhomaylearndifferentsubjectsrangingfromEnglishtolaw II 英汉语言差异 表达顺序 一个句子里有小句 短语或好几个信息 有结论性的 有叙述性的 它们应当如何安排 哪一个放在前面 那个放在结尾 汉语是自然语序 即思维和语序自然合拍 句子的语序基本上反映了思想的过程 先想到什么就先说什么 叙事是按照时间顺序发生的 先介绍背景 如条件 事实 道里一一交代周到 最后点出话语的信息中心 下结论 表态度 而英语恰好相反 说话人在说话前先把要表达的信息组织一下 一般强调什么 就先说出 即把最重要的事 如态度 观点 结论放在句首 开门见山交代清楚 然后再把理由 条件 原因 例证等一条条补述 形成一条头短尾长的线性链 1a HehadflowninjustthedaybeforefromGeorgiawherehehadspendhisvacationbaskinginCaucasiansunafterthecompletionoftheconstructionjobinwhichhehadbeenengagedintheSouth 用汉语习惯来表达 应该是 他先在南方参加某项工程建设 完工后 就去乔治亚度假 在那里他享受了高加索的阳光 昨天才回来 按照这种思维方式写出的英语就不符合英语的表达习惯 1b IntheSouthhehadbeenengagedinaconstructionjob AfterhecompletedtheworkhewenttospendhisvacationinGeorgia TherehebaskedinCaucasiansun Andhehadflowninjustthedaybefore Moreexamples 2 PeopleintheWestareindebttotheauthorfortheserviceherenderedinthatbookbypresentingthemwithatrueChina 作者在这本书里向西方描述了真实的中国 对于他作出的这一贡献 西方国家的人民是要感谢的 3 NowChinahassolvedtheproblemoffoodandclothingtoapointwhereithasmanagedtofeed1 2billionpeople 22percentoftheworld stotalpopulation withonly7percentoftheworld scultivatedland Exercises 4a Moneyandpowerarewhatallchildrenhavebeenbroughtuptoseek ButIdidnotwantthem sohewaspuzzled 5a BecausetheChinesetraditionallyandmorallyattachmoreimportancetomarriage sotheyconsistentlyholdanegativeattitudetowarddivorce 6a Theirspeechandconductissorude Thismakesallofusshocked 7a Childrenfailthecollegeentranceexaminations Theirparentsareverydisappointed Key 4b HewaspuzzledthatIdidnotwantwhatallchildrenhavebeenbroughtuptoseek moneyandpower 5b AnegativeattitudetowardsdivorcerunsconsistentlythoughtheconsciousnessoftheChinesewho traditionallyholdanegativeattitudetowarddivorce 6b Allofuswereshockedbytherudenessoftheirspeechandconduct 7b Toparents disappointment theirchildrenfailthecollegeentranceexamination