Unit4Astronomy thescienceofthestarsLearningaboutlanguage 必修三 4 Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem Whatdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentence 3 Smokingisbadforyou 2 Youareastudent 5 Howdoyoudo isagreeting 6 Itiscertainthatweshallbelate subject 1 Beijingisourcapital 1 Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4 5and3 8billionyearsago 2 itwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot Readthesentencesfromthetextandpayattentiontotheunderlinedparts 3 Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown waterbegantoappearonitssurface 4 Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresence 5 Whytheysuddenlydisappearedstillremainsamystery Nounclausesasthesubject Grammar 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句 其功同名词一样 为了避免头重脚轻 常用it作形式主语 而把真正主语放在句子末尾 Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor Thatheisthebeststudentintheclassisobvious Itisobviousthatheisthebeststudentintheclass 引导主语从句的关联词有三类 1 从属连词that 如 Thattheyweretruesisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem 很明显 她们确是亲姐妹 她们的脸型很相似 2 从属连词whether 如 Whetherhe llcomehereisn tclear 他是否会来这里还不清楚 3 连接代词who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever 连接副词where when how why Whatshedidisnotyetknown 她干了什么尚不清楚 Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone 这事怎样发生的 谁也不清楚 Whoevercomesiswelcome 不论谁来都欢迎 主语从句三要素 hebecameagreatscientistisknowntousall Iswhatyoutoldmereallytrue 谓语动词一般用单数 从句用陈述语序 不能省略关联词 Notice Whatweneedmostarebooks How 在主语从句中 谓语一般用单数 无论他说什么都不重要 Whateverhesaysisofnoimportance无论谁说这话都不对 Whoeversaysthatiswrong 但谓语动词用单数还是复数 不可一概而论 而要视句子的意义而定 WhatIneedismoney WhatIneedarebooks what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分 如主语 宾语 表语 而that则不然 1 Whatyousaidyesterdayisright 2 Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation Whateverandwhoever Whatever anythingthatWhoever anyonewho不管是谁犯了法 他都应该受到惩罚 Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished whether与if whether之后可以直接跟ornot 而if则不能 Idon tcarewhetherornotyourcarbreaksdown Idon tknowwhetherornothe scoming 但是不可以说 Idon tcareifornotyourcarbreaksdown whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构 选择问句的后一部分除外 而if则可以跟否定结构 如 Idon tcareifshedoesn tcome Idon tcareifitdoesn train 但是 在某些动词或形容词之后 则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子 这种结构往往表示肯定的含义 如 Iwonderwhetherhedoesn tthinktoomuchofhimself Ithinkhedoesthinktoomuchofhimself 在个别动词之后 如discuss等 只跟用whether引导的宾语从句 如 Theydiscussedwhethertheyshouldclosetheshop WediscussedwhetherMarycouldjoinus whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语 而if则不能 如 I mnotinterestedinwhetherthey llgoornot whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用 而if则不能 如 Ididn tknowwhethertolaughortocry Shehasn tdecidedwhethertogoornot 引导主语从句 包括从句在句首的位置 应当用whether 不用if 如 Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem Whetherhewillcome Iamnotsure 引导表语从句用whether 不用if 如 Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit Thequestioniswhetherhewillspeakatthemeeting 引导同位语从句用whether 不用if 如 Thequestionwhetherhe llattendthemeetingisessential IamindoubtwhetherIshouldagreetotheplan That的省略的问题 不可省略的连词 1 引导主语 同位语 表语从句的连词不可省略 2 it作形式宾语的宾语从句3 并列宾语从句中 后面的从句引导词 Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon Thereasonisthatheistoocareless Ithinkitnecessarythatyoushouldreadaloud Hetold that hisfatherhaddiedandthathehadtomakealivingbyhimself 用it作形式主语的结构 1 1 Itis 名词 从句Itisafactthat 事实是 Itisanhonorthat 非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat 是常识 2 Itis 形容词 从句Itisnaturalthat 很自然 Itisstrangethat 奇怪的是 用it作形式主语的结构 2 3 Itis 不及物动词 从句Itseemsthat 似乎 Ithappenedthat 碰巧 Itappearsthat 似乎 4 It 过去分词 从句Itisreportedthat 据报道 Ithasbeenprovedthat 已证实 Itissaidthat 据说 1 连接词有 thatwhether和lf2 连接代词有 whowhomwhosewhichwhat等3 连接副词有 whenwherewhyhow等另外whateverwhoeverwhichever等也可以引导主语和宾语两种从句 名词性从句可以表示 事实和问题 名词性从句中的 that 没有词义 也不作任何成分 即学即练 hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader A ThatB WhatC WhetherD Where2 Ihavewillbeyourssoonerorlater A NomatterwhatB NomatterwhateverC WhateverD That B C 3 wewillholdthesportsmeetintimedependson itwillbefine A If ifB If whetherC Whether ifD Whether whether4 worriesusalotthatsomanystudentsdropoutofschoolinthepoormountainousareas A ItB ThatC OneD What D A 5 wantstorunabusinessinthisdistrictmustgetapermitfromthegovernmentfirst A WhoB WhoeverC NomatterwhoD Thosewho B Discoveringusefulstructure Answerkeyforexercise2onpage29 1 Hisdiscoveryhasnotyetbeenproved What 2 Dotheotherastronomersaccepthisideas Itremainsaquestion Whether hasnotyetbeenprovedishisdiscovery otherastronomersacceptshisideasremainsaquestion 3 Thefirstappearanceoflifeonearthisstillamysterytoscientists How lifefirstappearedonearthisstillamysterytoscientists 4 Whyistheearthbecomingwarmer Itisanimportanttopicforresearch Why 5 StephenHawkingat65experiencedzerogravityduringaflight Itamazedeverybody Itamazedeverybody 6 Plutoisnolongerconsideredaplanetinoursolarsystem Whatasurprise Itisasurprise at65experiencedzerogravityduringaflight thatPlutoisnolongerconsideredaplanetinoursolarsystem theearthisbecomingwarmerisanimportanttopicforresearch thatStephenHawking 1Howdinosaursdisappeared4Whydinosaursbecameextinct3thattheearthslowlybecamehotanddrydozensofmillionsofyearsago5Howtheclimatechanged2thatacometcrashedintotheearthlongagoandcausedthedisappearance6whethertheclimatewillchangeagain Answerkeyforexercise3onpage29 Exercise 1 Goa