Chapter4 Word information IIThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now.The most productive are ：affixation, compounding and conversion词缀法、复合法和转类法And there are minor processes of word formation几个次要构词方法： blending, clipping, acronymy, back-formation and words from proper name4.1Affixation词缀法4.1.1Prefixation前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 前缀法是在词干上加前缀构词的一种方法。We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups我们可从语义的角度把前缀分为九类。1.“negative” prefixes表示否定意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesa- not,the converse of amoral, apoliticaldis- disloyal, disobeyin- injusticeil- illegalir- irresistibleim- immaturenon- non-smoker, non-classicalun- unfair, unwilling2.“reversative or privative”(“非”“缺”) prefixes表示逆向意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesde- reversing the actiondecentralize, de-composedis- disunite, disallowun- unhorse, unwrap3.“pejorative” prefixes（贬损）表示贬义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesmal- wrongly maltreat, malpracticemis- bad misconduct, mistrustpseudo- false pseudo-science4.Prefixes of size or degree表示程度、大小等意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesarch- supreme archbishopextra- superior extra-stronghyper- extreme hyperactivemacro- large macrocosmmicro- small microcomputermini- little mini-electionout- surpassing outliveover- excessive overweightsub- below subheadingsuper- more thansuperfreezesur- over surtaxultra- extreme ultra-conservativeunder- too little underdeveloped5.Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀 prefixes meaning examplesanti- against anti-nuclear, anti-government, anti-clockwisecontra- against contraflowcounter- against counterattackpro- for pro-student, pro-democracyco- with cooperate 6.locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesextra- out extraordinary, extramaritalfore- front forehead, forearminter- between,among inter-city, interpersonal, internationalintra- inside intra-party,tele- distant telecommunicationtrans- across transcontinental, transplantsub- under subway7.Prefixes of time and order表示时间和顺序等意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesex- former ex-professor, ex-presidentfore- before foretell, foreknowledge, foreseepost- after post-election, postindustrialpre- in advance pre-prepared, preschoolre- again reconsider, resell8.number prefixes表示数字的前缀prefixes meaning examplessemi-,demi-,hemi- half semi-naked,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-,mono- one uniform,monorail bi-,di- two bilingual,bicycle,dioxidetri- three tricycle,triangledeca- ten decadalcenti- hundred centimetre,centimillionarekilo-,milli- thousand kilogram,milligrammega- million megacitypoly-,multi- many polysyllable,multi-purpose9.a miscellaneous category (auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice-).其他种类意义的前缀prefixes meaning examplesauto- self autobiography neo- new neo-Nazi pan- all pan-Europeanvice- deputy vice-chairman4.1.2后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc. By noun suffix or adjective suffix, we mean that when the suffix under discussion is added to the stem, whatever class it belongs to, the result will be a noun or an adjective. 后缀法是在词干上加后缀构成新词的方法。不像前缀主要是改变词干的意义，后缀只带有很弱的语义，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，后缀主要改变词类。因此，我们将把后缀按语法分成名词后缀、动词后缀、形容词后缀等类别。所谓名词后缀和形容词后缀，意思是说这些后缀无论加在什么样的词干上，所构成的新词就一定是名词和形容词。If a suffix is fixed at the end of a verb and derives a noun, then this noun is called deverbal nouns.（由动词转化的名词）employ + er =employerIf a suffix is fixed at the end of a noun and derives a noun, then this noun is called denominal mouns.（由名词转化的名词）village + er = villager1.Noun suffixes名词后缀1）Denominal nouns由名词转化的名词a. Concrete suffixes具体后缀suffixes meaning exampl-ster person engaged in an occupation or activity gangster, songster -eer pro fiteer, engineer-er(or) teenager, driver-ess female priestess, hostess-let small, unimportant booklet,-ette small; imitation; female cigarette, kitchenetteb. Abstract suffixes抽象后缀uffixes meaning examples-age amountwastage, mileage-dom real mofficialdom-ship co dition dictatorship-ery slavery-hood status adulthood, childhood-ing state farming, bathing-ism doctrine terrorism-ship friendship, sportsmanship.2）Deverbal nouns由动词转化的名词suffixes meaning examples-ant denoting people assistant, informant-ee employee, trainee-ent dependent-age state linkage, carriage-al action dismissal, survival, arrival-ance state attendance, performance-ation(tion,ion,ition) stateprotection,