SECTIONII BODYSTRUCTUREANDBODYSYSTEMS Chapter4 Objectives Writethemeaningsofthewordpartspresentedinthischapter choosetheircorrectmeaningswhenpresentedwithseveralanswers andrecognizeandwritethemeaningsofthewordpartswhentheyappearinmedicalterms Writethemeaningsandrecognizethedefinitionsoftermsrelatedtodirectionalaspectsofthebody Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermspresentedinthischapterthatarerelatedtobodystructuresandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions Matchtermsrelatedtobodyfluidswiththeirdescriptionsandwritethetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermsrelatedtobodycavitiespresentedinthischapterandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions OUTLINE TheanatomicpositionandreferenceplanesofthebodyBodycavitiesBodystructuresBodyfluidsComprehensivereviewexercises TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody Anatomicreferencesystemsprovideuniformityinregardtodescriptionsofthebody Theanatomicpositionmeansthatapersonisstandingerectwiththearmsatthesideandthepalmsforward Thispositionisusedasareferencewhendescribingthelocationordirectionofvariousbodystructuresorparts TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody Unlessstatedotherwise alldescriptionsoflocationorpositionassumethatthebodyisintheanatomicposition Committomemorythefollowingtermsthatrelatetovariousdirectionsofthebody DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningAnterioranter onearertoortowardthefront ventralPosteriorposter onearertoortowardtheback dorsal DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningVentralventr obellyside sameasanteriorsurfaceDorsaldors odirectedtowardorsituatedonthebackside sameasposteriorsurface DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningMedial medianmedi omiddleornearerthemiddleLaterallater otowardtheside denotingapositionfartherfromthemidlineofthebodyorfromastructure DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningSuperiorsuper ouppermostoraboveInferiorinfer olowermostorbelow DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningProximalproxim onearesttheorginorpointofattachmentDistaldist ofarordistantfromtheoriginorpointofattachment DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningCephaladcephal otowardtheheadCaudadcaud otowardthetailorinaposteriordirection Exercise1 Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter oanteriorfrontCaud o Exercise1 Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter oanteriorfrontCaud ocaudaltail Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist o Dors o Infer o Later o Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist odistalfarDors odorsalbackInfer oinferiorbelowLater olateralside Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingMedi omedialmiddleormedianPoster oposteriorbehindProxim oproximalnearSuper osuperioraboveVentr oventralbelly BodyCavities Thebodyhastwomajorcavities whicharespaceswithinthebodythatcontaininternalorgans Thetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethedorsalcavity locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody andtheventralcavity locatedneartheanterioraspect Bothcavitiesaresubdividedasshown BodyCavities Thedorsalcavityisdividedintothecranialandspinalcavities Thecranialcavitycontainsthebrainandthespinalcavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves BodyCavities Theotherprincipalbodycavityistheventralcavity Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalledviscera Theventralcavityissubdividedintothethoraciccavityandtheabdominopelvic abdominalandpelvic cavity Themusculardiaphragmdividesthethoracicandabdominopelviccavities Theabdominopelviccavitycanbethoughtofasasinglecavityorastwocavities theabdominalandpelviccavities althoughnowallseparatesthem Amembranecalledtheperitoneumlinestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans Peritoneum likeallserousmembranes secretesalubricatingfluidthatallowstheorganstoglideagainstoneanotheroragainstthecavitywall Astickingtogetheroftwostructuresthatarenormallyseparatediscalledanadhesion Abdominaladhesionsareusuallycausedbyinflammationortrauma injury andaretreatedsurgicallyiftheycauseintestinalobstructionorexcessivediscomfort BodyStructures Thecellisthesmallestfunctionalunitofthehumanbodyand infact ofallorganisms Cellscomprisethetissuesofthebody whichinturnmakeuporgans Eachbodysystemisagroupoforgansthatworktogetherforaspecificpurpose Thehumanorganismhasmanybodysystems Manybodystructurewillbediscussedelsewhereinthisbook Thefollowinglistincludesseveraltermsthateitherdonotpertaintoaparticularbodysystemofmaypertaintomorethanonesystem Committhefollowinglisttomemory SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES CombiningFormsMeaningAbdomin oabdomenAcr oextremities armsandlegs Blephar oeyelidCephal oheadChir ohand SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES CombiningFormsMeaningCyst ocyst bladder orsacDactyl odigit toes fingersorboth Lapar oabdominalwallOmphal oumbilicus nave