人文知识 美国文学部分 2009 1 7 美国文学主要分为五个时期 TheLiteratureinColonialPeriodTheLiteratureAroundtheRevolutionofIndependenceAmericanRomanticismAmericanRealismAmericanModernism EarlyColonialLiterature 1607 1700TheLiteratureofColonialAmericaPuritanThoughts TheMayflowervoyage1620 Puritans namedafterthosewhowishedto purify thechurchofEngland TheFirstAmericanWriter CaptainJohnSmithAnneBradstreet 1612 1672 OneofthemostimportantfiguresinthehistoryofAmericanLiterature SheisconsideredbymanytobethefirstAmericanpoet Herfirstcollectionofpoems TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica ThefirstbookwrittenbyawomantobepublishedintheUnitedStates EdwardTaylor 1642 1729 ThebestofthePuritanpoets THEEIGHTEENTHCENTURYTheliteratureofReasonAndRevolutionTheAgeofReasoninAmericaTheAgeofEnlightenment The18th centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy Enlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtotheidealsofjustice liberty andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman BenjaminFranklin 1706 1790 America s firstgreatmanofletters HeembodiedtheEnlightenmentidealofhumanerationality Hewasthefirstgreatself mademaninAmerica Franklin sPoorRichard sAlmanac begunin1732andpublishedformanyyears madeFranklinprosperousandwell knownthroughoutthecolonies Godhelpsthemthathelpthemselves EarlytoBed andearlytorise makesaManhealthy wealthy andwise OneTo dayisworthtwotomorrow TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklinisaninspiringaccountofapoorboy srisetowealthandfameandthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream Itisabookontheartofself improvement ThomasPaine 1737 1809 ThomasPaine spamphletCommonSense Jan 10 1776 soldover100 000copiesinthefirstthreemonthsofitspublication CommonSenseisoftenregardedasthegreatestoftheRevolutionarypamphlet TheAmericanCrisis 1776 1783 ThomasJefferson 1743 1826 TheDeclarationofIndependence POETOFTHEAMERICANREVOLUTION PhilipFreneau 1752 1832 PoetoftheAmericanRevolution FatherofAmericanPoetry Amonghisbestlyricsare TheWildHoneySuckle 1786 onmoralityand TheIndiaBuryingGround 1788 ontheimaginedafterlife HebecameoneofthemostoutstandingrepresentativesofdawningnationalisminAmericanliterature NoahWebster 1758 1843 1786 theindependenceofpoliticsaswellasliteratureSamuelJohnson firstcombineanEnglishdictionary lastneoclassicistenlightenerADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage TheliteratureofRomanticism美国文学的第一次繁荣 WashingtonIrving 1789 1859 FatherofAmericanliteratureThecentralfigureintheAmericanliteraryworldbetween1809andtheCivilWar esp afterthepublicationofhisSketchBook ThefirstprosestylistofAmericanRomanticism averygoodexampleofanAmericanromantic Hewroteforpleasureandtoproducepleasure HewasthefirstAmericanmanofletterstosupporthimselfasaprofessionalwriter HewasthefirstAmericanauthortowininternationalrecognition andwasextremepopularinEurope TheSketchBookofGeoffryeCrayon Irving spseudonym containshistwobestrememberedstories RipVanWinkle 瑞普 凡 温克尔 and TheLegendofSleepyHollow JamesFenimoreCooper 1789 1851 CooperwasthefirstimportantwritertobecriticaloftheUnitedSates ThefirstsuccessfulAmericannovelistHestandsratherastheoriginatorofthenovelofadventureinAmericanliterature andisfrequentlytermed theAmericanScott TheLeather StockingTalestheDeerslayer 1841 theLastoftheMohicans 1826 thePathfinder 1840 thePioneers 1823 ThePrairie 1823 TheLeather StockingTalesisthelifeofNattyBumppo NattyBumppo Cooper srenownedliterarycharacter embodieshisvisionofthefrontiersmanasagentleman aJeffersonian naturalaristocrat TheessentialAmericansoul D H LawrenceThefirstAmericanheroofthistype NattyisthefirstfamousfrontiersmaninAmericanliteratureandtheliteraryforerunnerofcountlesscowboyandbackwoodsheroes WilliamCullenBryant firstofourAmericanclassicpoetsOneofAmerica searliestnaturalistpoetsTheAmericanWordsworthHewritesthepoem Thanatopsis in1811 ToaWaterfowl Thevaguenessandreligiousambiguitiesofthepoemwerethemajorthemes EdgarAllanPoe 1809 1849 TheFalloftheHouseofUsherTheRavenAnnabelLeeToHellenThePurloinedLetter 被窃的信件 Thefirstliterarycritic ThePhilosophyofCompositionThePoeticPrincipleGothicstyleFatherofDetectivenovelsThemes1 death predominantthemeinPoe swriting Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive EverythinginPoe swritingsisdead 2 disintegration separation oflife3 horror RalphWaldoEmerson 1803 1882 Thetoweringfigureofhisera hadareligioussenseofmission Hewasoneofthegreatestessayistsinthecountry Nature 1836 hasbeencalled themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism TheAmericanScholar 1837 hasbeencalled America sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence Self Reliance HenryDavidThoreau 1817 1862 Thoreau smasterpiece Walden orLifeintheWoods 1854 istheresultoftwoyears twomonths andtwodays from1845to1847 hespentlivinginacabinhebuiltatWaldenPondonpropertyownedbyEmerson Waldenisaspiritualbook It sseenasaclassicofAmericanprose abookofessaysputtogether exploringsubjectsconcernedwithNature withthemeaningoflife andwithmorality NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 ManyofHawthorne sstoriesaresetinPuritanNewEngland GothicnovelsHisgre