用心爱心专心1 第 8 讲 定语从句 1 定语从句 修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句 一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后 面 2 先行词 被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词 3 关系词 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词 关系代词 who whom whose which that as等 关系副词 where when why等 关 系词常有三个作用 引导定语从句 代替先行词 在定语从句中充当一个成分 例如 Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read that I have read 是定语从句 novel 是先行词 that 是关系代词 代替先行词novel 在从句中作have read 的宾语 关系词指代人或物以及在定语从句中充当的成分 关系词 指代人或物定语从句中充当的成分 关系 代词 that 人或物 主语 宾语 表语或状语 which 物或主句内容主语 宾语或定语 who 人主语或宾语 whom 人宾语 whose 人或物定语 as 人或物或主句内容主语或宾语 关系 副词 when 时间状语 where 地点状语 why 原因状语 4 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开 是先行词不可缺少的部分 去掉它 主句意思往往不明确 翻译成先行词的定语 的 非限制性定语从句是先行词 的附加说明 去掉了也不会影响主句的意思 它与主句之间通常用逗号分开 通常翻译成主 句的并列句 关系代词that和关系副词why 不能引导非限制性定语从句 His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college 用心爱心专心2 他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学 他还有其他的哥哥 His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college 他的哥哥 现在是律师 总是鼓励他上大学 他只有一个哥哥 一 关系代词的使用 例句观察 She is the woman whom that who I wanted to see yesterday 她是我昨天想看的那个女的 The package which that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped 你扛着的包裹马上要拆开 Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009 which we hadn t expected Obama在 2009 年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的 Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble 你父母是你困难时可以求助的人 例句分析 whom that who指人 在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语 可以省略 which that指物 在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语 可以省略 which 指前面主句内容 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语 但不能省略 whom前有介词to 虽然作宾语 但不能省略 结论 1 关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时 关系代词可省略 其 他情况不可省 完成例句 1 我 你的好朋友 当你陷入困境的时候会帮你的 I who am your close friend will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble 2 哈利 波特 是最受青少年欢迎的畅销书之一 Harry Potter is one of the best sellers that are popular with teenagers 哈利 波特 是唯一一本让作者成为亿万富翁的畅销书 Harry Potter is the only one of the best sellers that makes the author a billionaire 3 他通过了考试 这使我们很惊讶 He has passed the exam which makes us surprised 用心爱心专心3 众所周知 中国发生了巨大的变化 Great changes have taken place in China as is known to all 4 每家有台电视 30 年前我们认为是不可能的 现在实现了 To own a TV set in each family which we think was impossible 30 years ago now has become true 结论 2 定语从句中的主谓一致问题 1 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致 2 one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词 而the only one of 复数名词 关 系代词 单数动词 3 非限制性定语从句中 由关系代词as 或 which 代替整个主句时 从句谓语动词要用第三 人称单数 4 关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时 谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代 完成例句 5 所有能做的都做了 All that can be done has been done 6 这就是我想要买的电影 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy 7 他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben 8 站在那儿的是谁 Who is the man that is standing there 9 They have set up a company which deals with the things that are related to environment protection 他们创立了一家环保公司 10 杭州不再是过去的杭州了 Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be 结论 3 指物时 定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况 当先行词为everything anything nothing the one none all much few any little等不定代词时 只用that 当先行词被the only the very all much few any little no 修饰时 只用that 用心爱心专心4 当先行词被序数词 形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词 形容词最高级修饰时 只用 that 先行词既有人又有物时 只用that 当主句的主语是疑问词who或 which 时 为避免重复要用that 有两个定语从句时 其中一个关系代词已用which 另一个宜用that 当先行词在主句中作表语 而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 只用that 完成例句 11 那棵四百年的老树很有名 The tree which is four hundred years old is very famous here 12 我们自给自足 We depend on the land from which we get our food 13 这本书是关于我们要去参观的那座有名的建筑吗 Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to visit 结论 4 只能用 which的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时 只能用which 介词后只用which 且不能省略 有两个定语从句时 其中一个关系代词已用that 另一个宜用which 完成例句 14 有人愿意帮助受伤的人吗 Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person 15 这就是那位帮助在事故中受伤的人的医生吗 Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident 结论 5 指人时 定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况 当先行词是anyone those时 只用who 有两个定语从句皆指人时 其中一个关系代词已用that 另一个宜用who 完成例句 16 那个门破了的教室在二楼 The classroom whose door the door of which of which the door is broken is on the second floor 结论 6 whose 可以指代人或物 在定语从句中作定语 后跟名词 指物时 whose 名词 of which 名词 名词 of which 完成例句 用心爱心专心5 17 我们都知道 吸烟有害健康 As we all know smoking is harmful to one s health 太阳照射地球 这对我们是很重要的 The sun heats the earth which is very important to us 18 她和她妹妹穿一样的衣服 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore 这不是我们想到的那所房子 This house is not such as I expect 19 就像我们指出的那样 这种物质是有毒的 As was pointed out this kind of substance is poisonous 结论 7 关系代词as 和 which 在非限制性定语从句中 as 和 which 可代替整个主句 相当于 and this或 and that 二者的区别主要在于 as 引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前 也可以在主句后 有时还可以在 插入句中 常带有 正如 正像 的意思 而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能 放在主句之后 翻译成 这 as 常用于以下固定搭配中 the same 名词 as 和 同样的 such 名词 as 像 一样的 像 之类的 such as 这样的人 物 such 为代词 作 先行词 as 在从句中作宾语 在以下结构中 一般也用as as it appears as it seems as it often happens as it was pointed out said reported announced as it was said earlier as I remember it as is well known as is known to all as anybody can see等 完成例句 20 这就是我一直在找的书 This is the book which that 不填 I am looking for 21 他深爱对他慈爱的父母 He loved his parents deeply both of whom are very kind to him He loved his parents deeply of whom both are very kind to him 22 我没有足够的钱去买那条昂贵的裙子 用心爱心专心6 I don t have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress 23 从 1998 年到 2004 年 Mike 在这所大学学习 在此期间 他学习很努力并当选为学生会 主席 Mike studied at the university