主体段落拓展 主体段落的结构 开头段 文章总论点 主体段分论点1 拓展句a 拓展句b 分论点2 拓展句c 拓展句d 分论点3 拓展句e 拓展句f 结尾段 分论点句 1 Incompletesentences2 Shouldnotbeaquestion3 Shouldnotcontainphraseslike Ithink Inmyopinion etc 扩展句 一个段落是由分论点句和扩展句共同构成的 扩展句是对分论点句的延伸或证明 它们之间的关系构成一个段落好坏的关键 扩展句和分论点之间至少要注意 第一 意义的一致性相关性 unity 第二 逻辑的连贯性 coherence 注意 所谓的意义的一致性指的是所有的扩展句都必须是分论点的延伸或者证明 它对主题句能起到支持的作用 否则 这样的扩展句就应当删除掉 但是只有内容上的一致性还不足以保证能写出一个好的段落 在行文过程中作者还要注意各个句子的正确 紧凑安排 也就是要保证意义的连贯性 拓展过程中经常出现的问题 而在意义的连贯上 主要毛病是信笔游走 行文没有规矩 或者没有必要的过渡词 在内容的一致性上 容易犯的错误主要有 1 跑题 岔题 2 重复 3 片面 1 跑题 Thereportindicatesthatbabiesoffatherswhosmokearelikelytobesmallerandweakerthanbabiesofnon smokingfathers Ofcourseitisalreadywellknownthatpregnantwomenwhosmokecandamagethehealthoftheirbabies Mysistersmokedtwentycigarettesadaywhenshewasexpectingherfirstchild Anotherworryingpointisthatsmokingjustbeforethestartofthepregnancycanaffectthebabylater Iheardrecentlythatcertainfoodsharmunbornbabies 2 岔题 Themainschoolbuildingcontainsmostoftheclassrooms Thatwasour secondhome theplacewheremyclassmatesandIworked studied andlearnedforthreeyears Beyondthatisthesciencebuilding That swherewedidallourlaboratoryworkforchemistryandphysics Ontherightsideofsciencebuildingisalibrary wheretherearealargecollectionofbooksandperiodicalsforustoread Sinceourteacherswererichinknowledgeandtaughtusveryearnestly wehadalwaysdonebetterthanstudentsofotherschoolsinjointexaminations 3 重复 WatchingTVtoomuchisharmfultoyoureyes IfyoustayinfrontofTVfortoolongtimeyoureyesmightgethurt Youwillbenear sighted Youcannotseeclearlywhenyouread Youevencannotseeclearlyafriendwhenyoumeethiminstreet 4 片面 OurschoolisanArmyschool sowemustobeymanyrules Becauseofthis myhouseisspecialinsomeways First ourhouseisveryclean havenopieceofpaperontheground Everythinginmyhouseisneat Perhapssomeotherhouseisdirty butifmyhouseisdirtywewouldbepunishedandforcedtocleanit 拓展的主要方法 一 列举法 Listing 二 举例法 Exemplification 三 分类法 Classification 四 比较对照法 ComparisonandContrast 五 因果法 CauseandEffect 列举法 Listing 也叫枚举法 是一种在主题句中提出论点 然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法 列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性 时间 空间顺序等进行 列举法作文例子 Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully First youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains Second youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread Next makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter Then testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations Finally reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou 常用于列举法的过渡连接词 first second third etc inthefirstplace inthesecondplace firstofall firstandforemost tobeginwith tostartwith foronething foranother also besides furthermore moreover inaddition whatismore aboveall next beyondthat initially eventually lastbutnotleast 举例法 Exemplification 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述 说明主题句的内容 严格地讲 举例法也是列举法的一种 它们的区别在于 列举法侧重罗列事实 所列事实力求全面 而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点 且事例可多可少 举例法作文例子 Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes Forexample thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames Foranotherexample iftheyprefertoexercisealone theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening Besides peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter Inshort nomatterwhattheirinterestsare peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem 方法1 举例 结果 影响 Asedentary 久坐的 静态的 lifestylemayleadtosomephysicalhazards 分论点 EvidenceshowsthatinShanghaiover30percentteenagersaresufferingfromobesityornear sightedness 举例 Hence theirfurtherstudiesorfuturecareersmightbenegativelyaffected 结果 Childrenexposedtotoomuchscreentimewouldshowsignsofsevereaddictionorlong lastingisolation 分论点 Forinstance manyTVprogramslikecartoonsorcomediesoftenprovidelaughterandjoyforthekidswhilemostvideogamesportrayvirtualstoriesfullofadventureandfantasy 举例 Asaresult someteenagersmaybecomeunwillingtoengageinanyhealthyoutdooractivities 影响 方法1 举例 结果 影响 举例法中常见的过渡性词语 forexample forinstance asanexample asanillustration suchas such acaseinpointis toillustrate inparticular specifically say next namely thatis like take asanexample etc 病例分析 PopulationcontrolisafundamentalpolicyinChina Ifthecountryisovercrowdedtoomuch thegovernmenthastospendmoremoneythantheycanaffordtosupportthem Overcrowded thecountrymayseekmorelandtosupportitspeople thereforeitmaywanttohaveawaragainstothercountry 病例分析 EnvironmentPollutionmustbecurbedforthebenefitofpeople IhavetraveledthroughhalfofChinafromsouthtonorth IfoundthatIcannotseeaclearriverorlake WhenIlookedupinthesky Ifounditscolorwasnotblueatall itisgray Wehavelostthebeautifulglobeforever Ithought SoIthinkwehavetotakesomemeasurestofightpollution 分类法 Classification 在阐述某一概念的段落中 常用分类法 通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类地叙述 使读者有更为清晰的认识 分类法作文例子 Generally theexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech Whenthereisalanguagebarrier communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters wordsandideas Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally spelling however cannot Bodyla