Chapter7DiscourseAnalysis语篇分析 Majorcontents 1 Discourseanddiscourseanalysis2 Informationstructure3 Cohesionandcoherence4 Discoursemarkers5 Conversationalanalysis6 Criticalanalysis 1DiscourseandDiscourseAnalysis DiscourseanalysisDiscourselinguistics discoursestudies textanalysisThestudyofhowsentencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageformlargermeaningfulunitssuchasparagraphs conversations interviews etc p168 1DiscourseandDiscourseAnalysis LanguageinusePragmatics meaningDiscourseanalysis informationstructureMostpowerfulinstrument FunctionalSystemicGrammar 1DiscourseandDiscourseAnalysis Fertilizersputbackwhattherainandplantstakeaway Plasticpotsarenotjustsubstitutesforclayones Pearsarealittlemoretemperamentalthanapples Supportingandtrainingarenotquitethesamething 1DiscourseandDiscourseAnalysis Pickupahandfulofsoilinyourgarden Ordinary unexcitingearth YetitisoneofNature smiracles andoneofhermostcomplexproducts Yoursuccessasagardenerwilllargelydependuponitscondition sotakethefirstboldstepingardening gettoknowyoursoil 1DiscourseandDiscourseAnalysis AprimarytaskofDAistoexplorethelinguisticfeatureswhichcharacterizediscourse ThegoalofDAistoexaminehowreaderoruserofadiscourserecognizesthatpartsofadiscoursearedependentonothers Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofdiscourseiscohesion 衔接 1DiscourseandDiscourseAnalysis TopicsofDA Informationstructure 信息结构 Cohesion 衔接 Coherence 连贯 Discoursemakers 话语标记语 Conversationalanalysis 会话分析 2InformationStructure Howdolanguageusersarrangeinformationwithindiscourse 2 1GivenandnewinformationAlice Whoatethebread Tom Maryatethebread Giveninformation knowntotheaddresseeNewinformation unknowntotheaddressee 2 1Givenandnewinformation Giveninformationcanbeintroducedbyonespeakeralone Amancalledwhileyouwereonyourbreak Hesaidhe dcallbacklater Giveninformationcanbesomethingcloselyrelatedtothementionedinformation e g meronymy 部分 整体关系 Kentreturnedmycarlastnightafterborrowingitfortheday Oneofthewheelswasabouttofalloffandthedashboardwasmissing 2 1Givenandnewinformation FormsofN Ginformation New informationcarriersusuallyreceivemorestress andtheyarecommonlymoreelaborated e g withafullnounphrase relativeclauseoradjectivalmodifier s E g WhenIenteredtheroom therewasatallmanwithanold fashionedhaton quiteelegantlydressed 2 1Givenandnewinformation Giveninformationisexpressedinshorterforms pronouns unstressednounphrase omitted A Whoatetheapple B Marydid Mary 2 2Topicandcomment话题和述题 Topic话题 whattheutteranceisabout Comment述题 whatissaidaboutthetopic Topicistheelementofasentencethatfunctionsasthecenterofattention Topicisusuallythesubject nounphrase Maryatethebread 2 2Topicandcomment Otherelementscantaketheroletoo Aftertea willyoutellmeastory MarkthetopicPlacetopicintheinitialpositioninEnglish Abeautifuldressshedidmake Topicisnotnecessarilyapropertyofthesentence itmaybeapropertyofthediscoursecontext Oh look 2 2Topicandcomment Topic commentvs given newinformationGiven newinformation thepointofviewofthelistener Topic commentrelatestothatofthespeaker Thegivenelementisthatwhichthespeakerpresentsasalreadybeingknowntothelistener Thetopicelementrepresentswhattheutteranceisabout 2 2Topicandcomment Giveninformationisnotalwaysthetopic Maryatethebread Asforherlittlesister shedranktheCoca Cola new topicPeterdidn tbelieveanythingthecharlatansaid AsforMary shebelievedeverythinghesaid given comment 2 2Topicandcomment Topic commentvs rheme themeRheme theme sentenceTopic comment discourseRheme theme concretesentencestructure linguisticform Topic comment abstractinformationstructureMike shousewassocomfortableandwarm Hereallydidn twanttoleave buthecouldn taffordtherent youknow Andithadsuchanicegardenintheback 2 2Topicandcomment TopicsarenotsoimportanttothegrammarofEnglish ThereisonlyonegrammaticalstructurewhichmarkstopicsinEnglish Asforme I mgonnagotobed Otherlanguageshavespecialformstomarkthetopic Japanese Korean Chinesemarkstopicsbywordorder 作业终于做完了 2 2Topicandcomment InEnglish markingthetopicofasentenceisfarlessimportantthanmarkingthesubject Therearespecialformstoindicatethesubject Shelooksathim 2 3Contrast对比 Contrast anounphraseoccursinoppositiontoanothernounphraseinthediscourse contrastiveA DidTomseetheghost B No Johndid B Yes Tomsawtheghost 2 3Contrast对比 Oneoutstandingfromalliscontrastedwiththewhole Ofeveryonepresent onlyPeterknewwhatwasgoingon Adeleknewwhatwasgoingon andPeterknewwhatwasgoingon Contrastisalsomarkedinsentencesthatexpressthenarrowingdownofachoicefromseveralcandidatestoone 2 3Contrast对比 Testforcontrast Ifanounphrasecanbefollowedby ratherthan itiscontrastive A DidTomseetheghost B No John ratherthanTom sawtheghost B No Tomseetheangle ratherthantheghost 2 3Contrast对比 Asinglesentencecanhaveseveralcontrastivenounphrases A DidTomseeaghost B Yes Tomsawaghost butJohnsawanentirecastofspirits Contrastisobservedfromthediscoursecontextorsituationalcontext MarylikesgoingtoMaineduringthewinter 2 3Contrast对比 Employee CanIleaveearlytoday Manager Idon tmind InEnglish contrastivenounphrasecanbemarkedbypronouncingitwithstrongstress Youmaybesmart b