英语词汇学笔记.Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics （文体论） and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1-Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentencesound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”sound and form: the sound should be similar to the form Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyThe 3 Stages of Development of E Vocabulary: Old English vocabulary, Middle EV, Modern EVClassification of English Words According to Different CriteriaThe basic word stock: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock:1)All-National character（全民通用性 most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语） （5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words (cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words (on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Loan WordsNative words: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks)Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words: 1) denizens(同化词) (shirt from skyrta(ON)2) aliens（外来词） :are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see from China4) semantic loans（借义词）：their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of LanguagesThe Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Latvian,Russian,Bugarian,Polish,Czech etc.The Indo-Iranian Group（印度- 伊朗语族）： Sanskrit,Hindi,Urdu,Bengali,Persian etc.The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguess,Romanian) etc.The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Gaelic,Welsh,Breton etc.The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Englsih,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary1 Old English Period or The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000)2 Middle English Period (1150-1500)3 Modern English Period (1500-now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lostModes of V Development(Modern E): 1)creation 2)semantic change 3) borrowingChapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(语素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words)Allomorph(语素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of MorphemeFree Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent)Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root (2)Affix(