测量平差基础（Measurement of adjustment basis）Wuhan institute of surveying and mappingIn 1999, I was studying for postgraduate entrance examination of masters degreeTest subject: measurement of the adjustment subject code 7751. Fill in the blanks (20 points, 1 point for each blank).1. The covariance matrix of the observed vector, the variance of the unit weight,Function:Is:It is.2. The covariance matrix of the observed vector, and the cofactorAnd the variance of the units3. Set the right matrix of the observed value vector,Known transformation, the transformation of the power matrix = (), in contrast to the accuracy of the accuracy ratio (), accuracy of accuracy ().4. Some control network, the necessary observation number t = 3, there are 9 observation values. If two parameters of the function are set independent, the () method is used to make the adjustment of the equation () and () a condition equation and () an error equation.5. In the last question, if you choose 5 parameters. The equation of the equation () is the equation of the equation ().2. The person who is renting the whole station should bear the task of setting the polar coordinates as shown in figure 1. Party A requires that the accuracy of p-point lofting accuracy is the absolute value of the error in the position of the point, and that S = 600m, both A and B are free of error, and there are three types of total station equipment that can be rented, and the rent and accuracy of the following table are as follows:Price per hourHigh precision26 yuan/when21The accuracy of the16 yuan /52Low accuracy12 yuan /106(figure 1)It will take an hour to set each test back, which is the best economic benefit for renting the kind of total station? Why is that? (). (10)3. In the border net shown in figure 2, A and B are known points, C and D are fixed points, and TAD is known azimuth and sideThe long observation value is Si (I = 1, 2, 3, 4) and the Angle observation value is. If the net is adjusted by the condition adjustment method, the test asks:How many conditions are there? How many equations are there?2. List all conditional equations (linearization of nonlinear conditional equation)(10)(figure 2)4. In the indirect adjustment, the parameter adjustment value is corrected, and the test is related to V. Try to prove it. (10)5. It is known that a straight line passes the point (2, 5) to determine the parameter, b, respectivelyThe measurement of the same precision is estimated by the method. (10)6. There is A goniometric net, as shown in fig.3. In the net, A and B are known points. For the fixed points, 8 angles are observed with the same precision. The coordinates of the points are given in the diagram.If you take the adjustment by the coordinate adjustment,1. The error equation listed. I want to linearize,The coordinate corrects the dm as a unit.2. In order to solve the relative middle error of the margin,What is the power function? (15 points) (figure 3)7. The cofactor matrix of the coordinate adjustment value of a control point is known as the error in the unit weight. Try to find the difference between the Angle of the ellipse length and the ellipse length. (10)8. Figure 4. A is A known point and is A fixed point.The first observation, after the first adjustment, found three fixed points highThe range accuracy cant meet the design requirements, and in order to improve the accuracy, the second observation,Set 5 line lengths equal, and try to increase the observation by sequential methodAfter the value, how much does the power of the three points rise in the value of the difference?(10 points) (figure 4)The questions are analyzed and the answers are given1. Fill in the blanks1. The definition of covariance matrix and power, the relationship of covariance and covariance and the control of covariance propagation law are investigated. The first three empty, direct use of covariance propagation law can be obtained, first listed the function formula:, apply covariance propagation law:,It is. The covariance matrix of the observed value vector, whose diagonal element is the variance of the observed values, is the definition of the right of application, and the right of each observation value is:, the cofactor is:.2. This quiz is the same as the first one. If the first question can be answered correctly, the problem should also be solved smoothly. We know that the covariance of the covariance is negative 1, and the cofactor is negative 1/5, which is the definition of the cofactor. The error in the unit weight is obtained, and the observed value covariance matrix is known to observe the right of the observed value:.3, the concept of the right item investigation to the observed value matrix and its understanding of the relation and the c