选修五 有机化学基础复习提纲（Take five organic chemistry basics review outline）Take five organic chemistry basics review outlineFirst, the organic composition of the representationExample: write out the molecular formula, electronic formula, structural formula and simplest form of acetic acidTwo, several concepts1. Functional group: an atom or an atomic group that determines the chemical properties of an organic compound.Examples: the functional groups of organic matter on the right are pointed out and their properties are predicted.2, base:Example: the electron form of the amino group and the structural form of Ding Ji are given3, the concept of homologues:For example, CH3CH2OH and glycerol, toluene and styrene are homologues4. Isomer classesA. class isomerism - functional isomerB. positional isomerism - functional groups bind on different carbon atomsC. carbon chain isomerism - the number and size of branched chainsFor example, write the isomer of C7H8O (containing benzene ring)Three. Nomenclature of typical organic compoundsSuch as:Four. The physical properties of organic compounds1. boiling point(1) the same kind of matter: when the number of carbon atoms is different, with the increase of the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, the intermolecular force increases, the boiling point gradually increases; the number of carbon atoms at the same time, the more branches, the lower the boiling point.(2) when the number of carbon atoms is the same, the change of boiling point is usually carboxylic acid alcohol aldehyde alkane.2. water solubility(1) common organic compounds dissolved in water (or miscible) are low alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and so on.(2) insoluble in water (or water insoluble) of common organic compounds are: hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons (including bromobenzene, carbon tetrachloride), esters (including oil), fatty acid, nitrobenzene.(3) the water solubility of phenol is affected by temperature, and 650C can dissolve with water more than 650C. The solubility of phenol in water is little.3. density(1) organic compounds with lower density than water (in aqueous solution) are hydrocarbons (gasoline, benzene, benzene homologues), chlorinated alkanes, esters, oils, and higher fatty acids.(2) greater density than water (in aqueous layer) of organic compounds: bromobenzene, nitrobenzene, phenol, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl bromide etc.Five. Chemical properties of organic compounds (hydrocarbons and their derivatives, functional groups)Structure properties of sugar, fat, and proteinSix. Types of reactions in Organic Chemistry1. substitution reaction(1) halogenated reactions - alkanes, benzene, benzene homologues, phenol, alcohols, saturated halogenated hydrocarbons, etc.(2) nitration reaction - benzene, benzene homologues, phenolNote: nitration refers to the reaction of hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring by nitro groups(3) hydrolysis reactions - halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, oils, sugars, proteinsHydrolysis conditions should be clearly distinguished. Such as: water - alkali solution of halogenated hydrocarbons; sugar - acid solution; ester - inorganic acid or alkali (alkaline hydrolysis reaction tends to complete); oil - inorganic acid or alkali (alkaline hydrolysis reaction tends to complete, high temperature water vapor); protein, acid and alkali, enzyme(4) esterification reaction - alcohol and acid (including organic carboxylic acid and inorganic oxygen acid)2. addition reaction: the molecules contain equal potential addition3. elimination reactionNote: the experimental conditions for the elimination reaction of halogenated hydrocarbons and alcohols are different, but the structural conditions are the same.4. polymerization(1) addition reaction:(2) polycondensation reaction:5. oxidation reaction:(1) react with O2Ignite: the reaction of organic matter combustion is oxidation reactionCatalytic oxidation: for example, alcohols and aldehydes (hydrogen peroxide reaction), aldehydes and carboxylic acids (oxygenation reaction)(2) the acid solution Decoloration Reaction of Potassium PermanganateIn the organic matter such as alkenes, alkynes, benzene, phenol and formaldehyde can make acid solution Potassium Permanganate fade, reaction is the oxidation reaction.(3) silver mirror reaction and conversion of Cu (OH) 2 to Cu2OThe reaction of silver mirrors and the conversion of Cu (OH) 2 to Cu2O are essentially aldehyde groups in organic molecules(-C-H) plus oxygen into carboxyl (-C-OH) reaction. Thus any aldehyde group containing substances can occur in the reaction (alkaline). For example: containing aldehyde aldehydes, formic acid, formate, formate, glucose, maltose6.: the main reduction reaction is hydrogenation reduction reaction. Reaction hydrogenation material has similarit