SensingHumanActivity:GPSTracking感应人类活动:GPS跟踪StefanvanderSpek1,*,JeroenvanSchaick1,PeterdeBois1,2andRemcodeHaan1Abstract:TheenhancementofGPStechnologyenablestheuseofGPSdevicesnotonlyas navigationandorientationtools,butalsoasinstrumentsusedtocapturetravelledroutes:as sensorsthatmeasureactivityonacityscaleortheregionalscale.TUDelftdevelopeda processanddatabasearchitectureforcollectingdataonpedestrianmovementinthree Europeancitycentres,Norwich,RouenandKoblenz,andinanotherexperimentfor collectingactivitydataof13familiesinAlmere(TheNetherlands)foroneweek.The questionposedinthispaperis:whatisthevalueofGPSassensortechnologymeasuring activitiesofpeople?TheconclusionisthatGPSoffersawidelyuseableinstrumentto collectinvaluablespatial-temporaldataondifferentscalesandindifferentsettingsadding newlayersofknowledgetourbanstudies,buttheuseofGPS-technologyanddeployment ofGPS-devicesstillofferssignificantchallengesforfutureresearch.摘要：增强GPS技术支持使用GPS设备不仅作为导航和定位工具,但也为仪器用来捕捉旅行路线:作为传感器,测量活动在一个城市或区域范围内规模。代尔夫特开发过程和涂数据库架构对行人运动收集数据在三个欧洲城市中心、诺维奇、鲁昂、科布伦茨,和在另一个实验中收集活动数据的13个家庭在Almere(荷兰)一个星期。本文提出的问题是:什么是GPS的价值是“传感器技术的测量活动的人吗?结论是,GPS提供了一个广泛的可用的工具来收集宝贵的时空数据在不同尺度和不同的设置添加新层的知识城市研究,但使用GPS技术和部署的GPS设备仍为未来的研究提供了重要的挑战。Keywords:GPS;Tracking;People;Behaviour;Mapping;Movement.关键字：GPS；跟踪；人群：行为；制图；运动1.Introduction1.引言1.1.TheGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem1.1全球导航卫星系统Theavailabilityofso-calledgeopositioningdevicessuchasGPS(GlobalPositioningSystem) deviceshasgrownenormouslyinthelastdecadeandisstillincreasing.Moreandmorepeopleowna navigationsystemsuchasaTomTom,aGPSfororientationforoutdooruses,bikingandgeo-caching oramobilephoneorotherhandheldcommunicationdevicewithbuilt-inGPS.Thesedevicesare mainlyusedfororientation(determiningwhereyouare),navigation(determiningwheretogo)and communication(exchanginginformationwithothersoraccessinginformationservices).Butthe devicescanalsobeusedfortracking,i.e.savingatravelledrouteintoatracklog.Thisabilitymakes thetechnologyusefultocollectspatial-temporaldataandthusassensorsforobservingand measuringactivitiesofpeople1.所谓的可用性geopositioning设备如GPS(全球定位系统)设备有了巨大的增长在过去的十年,仍在增长。越来越多的人拥有自己的导航系统如TomTom GPS定向用于户外,骑自行车和geo缓存或手机或其他手持通信设备内置GPS。这些设备主要用于定向(确定你在哪里),导航(确定去哪里)和沟通(与他人交换信息或访问信息服务)。但设备还可以用于跟踪,即节约了旅行路线进入跟踪日志。这种能力使得有用的技术来收集数据,因此时空“传感器”观察和测量活动的人1。GPSisaGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem(GNSS).GNSSisasystemforlocationorposition determinationsocalledgeopositioning2.Usingaspecialreceiver,ageopositioninspaceandtime canbecalculatedbasedonthereceptionofsatellitesignals.TheUnitedStatesGlobalPositioning System(GPS)wasthefirstavailablesystemusingsatellitePositionDeterminationTechnology(PDT) 2.OtherGNSSsareunderdevelopmentinEurope(Galileo)andRussia(Glonass).GPS是一种全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)。GNSS系统对位置或位置测定所谓的geopositioning2。使用一个特殊的接收器,一个geoposition在空间和时间的基础上可以计算卫星信号的接收。美国的全球定位系统(GPS)是第一个可用的系统使用卫星定位技术(PDT)2。其他GNSSs正在发展在欧洲(伽利略)和俄罗斯(格洛纳斯)。GNSSisanessentialPositioningDeterminationTechnologyformanyfieldsofstudy.Althoughin recentyearsthesystemhasundergoneasignificantmodernisationtoimproveitsquality2,the capabilityforgeopositioninginthebuilt-up(urban)environmentisstilloneofitsmajorweaknesses. Inparticulartheavailabilityofaccurateindoorsignalsandwithlowspeedsislimited.Thefuture availabilityofGalileoisexpectedtoincreasetheperformanceofGPSsignificantly3.New technologysuchashigh-sensitiveGPSreceiverswillimprovetheaccessibilitytoGPSsignals.GNSS技术是一个重要的定位确定为许多研究领域。虽然近年来系统进行了重要的“现代化”,以改善其质量2,geopositioning的能力在组合(城市)环境仍然是它的一个主要弱点。特别是室内信号的可用性和较低的准确速度是有限的。未来的可获性伽利略预计将增加GPS的性能显著3。新技术如高灵敏度GPS接收机将提高可访问性对GPS信号。1.2.SeeingtheGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystemasSensorTechnology1.2.看到全球导航卫星系统作为传感器技术Themostgeneraldefinitionofasensorisadevicewhichdetectsormeasuresaphysicalproperty (CompactOxfordEnglishDictionary).Amorespecificdefinitionofasensorisadevicethatresponds toaphysicalstimulus(asheat,light,sound,pressure,magnetism,oraparticularmotion)andtransmits aresultingimpulse(asformeasurementoroperatingacontrol)(MerrianWebster).SeeingGPSasa sensorrequiresuseofthelatterdefinition.Ratherthanaphysicalpropertyitmeasuresthelocationand motionofaGPSdeviceandthepersonorobjectthatcarriesit.Theoutputisintheformofatracklog with3-dimensionalspatiallocationcoordinatesandatimestamp.Inanefforttocharacterizedifferent typesofsensors,MichahellesandSchiele4distinguishsixsensingdimensionsofwhichlocation, activityandinteractionapplytoGPS.Theiranalysisofsensorapplicati