MandellLA Community acquiredpneumonia Anoverview PostgradMed 2015 Aug 127 6 607 15 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 呼吸内科第一章 社区获得性肺炎呼吸内科第一章 社区获得性肺炎 Community acquired pneumonia is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is often misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated Although it can be caused by a wide variety of micro organisms thepneumococcus atypicals Staphylococcusaureusandcertain Gram negative rods are the usual pathogens encountered Antimicrobial therapy should be started as soon as possible particularly in those requiring admission to hospita 社区获得性肺炎仍然具有很高的发病率和死亡率 且经常被误诊和不恰当地 治疗 虽然它可以由多种微生物引起 但涉及的常见病原体有肺炎球菌 非典型 球菌 金黄色葡萄球菌和某些革兰氏阴性杆菌 特别是 对于 那些需要住院的 患者 抗菌治疗应尽快开始 知识点总结 1pneum o 前缀 肺 2pneumonian 肺炎 3pneumococcusn 肺炎球菌 4atypicaladj 非典型的 5Staphylococcus aureusn 金黄色葡萄球菌 6Gram negative rodsn 革兰氏阴性杆菌 7pathogenn 病原体 8antimicrobialadj 抗菌的 MarraA HillejanL UkenaD ManagementofLungAbscess Zentralbl Chir 2015 Oct 140 Suppl 1 S47 53 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 呼吸内科第二章 肺脓肿呼吸内科第二章 肺脓肿 A lung abscess is an infectious pulmonary disease characterised by the presence of a pus filled cavity within the lung parenchyma The content of an abscess often drains into the airways spontaneously leading toanair fluidlevelvisibleonchestX raysandCTscans Primary lung abscesses occur in patients who are prone to aspiration or in otherwise healthy individuals secondary lung abscesses typically develop in association with a stenosing lung neoplasm or a systemic disease that compromisesimmunedefences suchasAIDS orafterorgan transplantation 肺脓肿是一种感染性肺部疾病 其特征是肺实质内有充满脓的空洞 脓肿内 容物通常会自发地流入气道 导致在胸部 X 光和 CT 扫描中可见到气液平面 原 发性肺脓肿可发生于易误吸的患者或其他健康个体 继发性肺脓肿的发展通常与 梗阻性肺癌或损害免疫防御功能的系统性疾病有关 如艾滋病或器官移植术后 知识点总结 1pulmonaryadj 肺的 2pusn 脓 脓液 3parenchyman 实质 4abscessn 脓肿 5aspirationn 误吸 6stenosingadj 变狭窄的 7neoplasmn 新生物 肿瘤 Magis Escurra C Reijers MH BMJ Clin Evid 2015 Feb 25 2015 pii 1507 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 呼吸内科第三章 支气管扩张症呼吸内科第三章 支气管扩张症 Bronchiectasisisusuallyacomplicationofpreviouslower respiratory infection and or inflammation It causes chronic cough copious production of sputum often purulent and recurrent infections and may cause airway obstruction bearing some similarities with that seen in COPD It can be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia primaryimmunodeficiencies certainsystemicdiseasessuchas inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis and foreign body inhalation 支气管扩张通常是既往下呼吸道感染和 或炎症的并发症 它会导致慢性咳 嗽 产生大量痰液 通常是脓性的 和反复感染 并可能导致气道阻塞 与慢性阻 塞性肺病的症状有一些相似之处 它可能与原发性纤毛运动障碍 原发性免疫缺 陷 某些系统性疾病如炎症性肠病和类风湿关节炎以及异物吸入有关 知识点总结 1bronchiectasisn 支气管扩张症 2 ectasis后缀 扩张 3copiousadj 大量的 4sputumn 痰液 5purulentadj 化脓的 脓性的 6ciliaryadj 纤毛的 毛状的 7dyskinesian 运动障碍 8rheumatoidadj 类风湿病的 9arthritisn 关节炎 10inhalationn 吸入 Furin J Cox H Pai M Tuberculosis Lancet 2019 Apr 20 393 10181 1642 1656 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 呼吸内科第四章 肺结核呼吸内科第四章 肺结核 Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death from an infectious disease among adults worldwide with more than 10 million people becoming newly sick from tuberculosis each year Advances in diagnosis including the useof rapid moleculartesting and whole genome sequencing in both sputum and non sputum samples could change this situation Althoughlittlehaschangedinthetreatmentof drug susceptible tuberculosis data on increased efficacy with new drugs haveledWHOtorecommendall oraltherapyfor drug resistant tuberculosis for the first time ever in 2018 肺结核仍然是全球成年人中传染性疾病导致死亡的主要原因 每年有超过 1000 万人新感染上肺结核 诊断方面的进步 包括在痰液和非痰液样本中的快 速分子检测和全基因组测序的使用 可能会改变这一情况 尽管对药物敏感性肺 结核的治疗几乎没有变化 但数据表明新药能提高疗效 使得 WHO 在 2018 年 首次推荐全口服药治疗耐药性肺结核 知识点总结 1tuberculosisn 肺结核 结核病 2whole genomen 全基因组 3sequencingn 测序 4susceptibleadj 敏感的 5oraladj 口头的 W sche A Schreiber J Pathophysiology diagnosis and treatment ofasthma focusingonachronicdisease AnasthesiolIntensivmedNotfallmed Schmerzther 2016 Jun 51 6 392 9 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 呼吸内科第五章 支气管哮喘呼吸内科第五章 支气管哮喘 Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases Its pathogenesis is still not fully understood and its progression is still not predictable There are individual differences in frequency severity and duration of symptoms and progression as well as in the response to therapy The diagnosis is based on a detailed medical history and physical examination on lung function tests and allergy tests 支气管哮喘是最常见的慢性疾病之一 其发病机制尚不完全清楚 其进展也 无法预测 在 发病 频率 严重程度 症状持续时间 进展以及对治疗的反应 方面存在个体差异 哮喘的诊断基于详细的病史和体格检查 肺功能测试和过敏 测试 知识点总结 bronchialadj 支气管的 asthman 哮喘 pathogenesisn 发病机制 frequencyn 频率 severityn 严重程度 medical history病史 allergyn 过敏 L pez CamposJL1 2 TanW3 SorianoJB4 Globalburden ofCOPD Respirology 2016 Jan 21 1 14 23 木仓医学考研复试 SCI 长难句 呼吸内科第六章 COPD呼吸内科第六章 COPD Although tobacco smoking is the first causal and single most importantriskfactorforCOPD thepresenceofCOPDin never smokers reminded us of a range of risk factors that are linked to COPD Although personal exposure to tobacco smoke delivered by cigarette smoking pipes and water pipes or synergistically with marijuana remains the best known risk factor for COPD 30 of individuals with COPD in the community had never smoked 尽管吸烟是 COPD 的