1 IntroductiontoLinguistics 语言学 ArequiredcoursefortheEnglishmajor oneoftherequiredspecialist 专家 coursesontheMOEEnglishmajorcourselist Abetterunderstandingoflanguage fromvariousperspectives 观点 Abettertrainedmind fromdoingasystematic 系统的 有规则的 science 2 DifferencewiththeFreshmencourse TaughtinEnglishTextbookwritteninEnglishContent 内容 moredemanding 很费心的 很费力的 EnglishisFun 3 Possibledifficulties Terminology 术语 TheoreticalthinkingSystemofknowledgeProblem solving 4 Textbook 语言学教程 胡壮麟主编北京大学出版社E book 资源中心 课堂教学 5 Teaching LecturesDiscussionAssignments 分配 shortessays analysisoflinguisticdata 资料 6 Learning ParticipationReadingandunderstandingtextbooksDoingexercisesandassignments 工作 任务 Developingtheabilityoflogical 逻辑的 thinking 7 Assessment 评价 评估 Coursework 30 Consistsofattendanceandassignmentsaftereachchapter End of termexam 70 ChapterOneInvitations 邀请 toLinguistics 8 9 1 WhyStudyLanguage 10 myths 神话 orfundamentalviews Languageisatooltootherfieldsofknowledgeratherthanasubjectinandofitself Languageisonlyameansofcommunication Languagehasaform meaningcorrespondence 通信 Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed 11 Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly efficientlyandwithoutinstruction Languageoperatesbyrules Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents asoundsystem 语音系统 asystemoflexicogrammar 词汇语法系统 andasystemofsemantics 语义系统 Everyonespeaksadialect Languageslowlychanges 12 Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstyles 语体 andasetofjargons 行话 Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem Writingisderivative 衍生 ofspeech 13 Linguisticscanbeusedasawayoffindingoutmoreabout Howlanguageoperates chapter2 5 speechsoundsmorphemetophrasewordtotextmeaningHowthebrainworks chapter6 LanguageandCognition Howchildrenlearnlanguage chapter6 Howpeoplelearnandteachdifferentlanguages chapter6 chapter11 Whattherelationshipbetweenmeaningandperception 感知 is chapter5 chapter6 14 Whattheroleoflanguageisindifferentcultures chapter7 language cultureandsociety Chapter9 LanguageandLiterature Whypeopleusedifferentvarietiesoflanguage chapter7 chapter8 Languageinuse Whytherearelinguisticdifferencesbetweendifferentgroups chapter6 9 Howscientistsmakethecomputerworkinamorehuman likeorder Chapter10 Languageandcomputer 15 2 WhatisLanguage Webster sNewWorldDictionaryoffersseveralmostfrequentlyusedsensesoftheword Language 1 a humanspeech b theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans c asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed 语音和语义的结合系统 usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings d thewrittenrepresentation 书写形式 ofsuchasystem 16 2 a anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating asgestures signs oranimalsounds b aspecialsetofsymbols letters numerals rulesetc usedforthetransmission 传递 ofinformation asinacomputer Suffice 足够 ittosayherethatthoughweusethewordinitsvarioussenses wefocushereonitsprimarysense namely 1 a b c d 17 2 WhatisLanguage Language isnottobeconfusedwithhumanspeech ofwhichitisonlyadefinitepart thoughcertainlyanessentialone Itisbothasocialproductofthefacultyofspeechandacollectionofnecessaryconventionsthathavebeenadoptedbyasocialbodytopermitindividualstoexercisethatfaculty FerdinanddeSaussure 1857 1913 CourseinGeneralLinguistics 1916 18 Languageisapurelyhumanandnon instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols EdwardSapir 1884 1939 Language AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech 1921 19 Alanguageisasystemofarbitrary 随意的 vocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupco operates BernardBloch 1907 1965 GeorgeTrager 1906 1992 OutlineofLinguisticAnalysis 1942 Alanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichthemembersofasocietyinteractintermsoftheirtotalculture GeorgeTrager TheFieldofLinguistics 1949 20 FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset finiteorinfinite ofsentences eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements NoamChomsky 1928 SyntacticStructures 1957 21 Languageis theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral auditoryarbitrarysymbols RobertA Hall 1911 1997 IntroductoryLinguistics 1964 Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication RonaldWardhaugh IntroductiontoLinguistics 1977 22 Thequestion Whatislanguage iscomparablewith and somewouldsay hardlylessprofoundthan Whatislife thepresuppositionsofwhichcircumscribeandunifythebiologicalsciences itisnotsomuchthequestionitselfastheparticularinterpretationthatthebiologistputsuponitandtheunravellingofitsmoredetailedimplicationswithinsomecurrentlyacceptedtheoreticalframeworkthatnourishthebiologist sday to dayspeculationsandresearch Soitisforthelinguistinrelationtothequestion Whatislanguage JohnLyons 1932 LanguageandLinguistics 1981 23 inasensealldefinitions oflanguage are bythemselves inadequate since iftheyaretobemorethantrivialanduninformative theymustpresuppose somegeneraltheoryoflanguageandoflinguisticanalysis R H Robins 1921 2000 GeneralLinguistics 1989 24 Languageisaformofhu